TED演讲:树木之间如何交流(7)

 For me, I've conducted and published hundreds of experiments in the forest.  对我来说，我在森林中已经进行和发表过上百次的实验了。

Some of my oldest experimental plantations¹ are now over 30 years old.  有一些我最早进行实验的种植园，到现在已经超过30年了。

You can check them out. That's how forest science works. 你可以去看看它们。这才是搞林业学应该做的事。

So now I want to talk about the science.  那么现在我想谈一谈科学本身了。

How were paper birch and Douglas fir communicating?  纸皮桦和花旗松到底是怎么交流的呢？

Well, it turns out they were conversing² not only in the language of carbon but also nitrogen and phosphorus 实际上，它们不仅仅使用碳元素作为它们交流的语言，其实还有氮元素和磷元素，

and water and defense³ signals and allele chemicals and hormones⁴ -- information. 还有水、防卫信号、等位基因化学物和激素--这些都是信息。

And you know, I have to tell you, before me, scientists had thought  你知道吗，我得告诉你们，在我之前的科学家们都认为

that this belowground mutualistic symbiosis⁵ called a mycorrhiza was involved. 这种地下的互惠共生现象是因为一种菌根介入其中的。

Mycorrhiza literally⁶ means "fungus⁷ root."  菌根的字面意思就是“真菌的根部”。

You see their reproductive organs when you walk through the forest. They're the mushrooms. 当你穿行在森林中时，你经常都能看到它们的繁殖器官。它们就是蘑菇。

The mushrooms, though, are just the tip of the iceberg,  而其实那些蘑菇仅仅是冰山一角，

because coming out of those stems are fungal threads that form a mycelium,  因为从那些树干里冒出来的菌丝生成了菌丝体，

and that mycelium infects and colonizes⁸ the roots of all the trees and plants. 菌丝体会感染和占领树木和植物的根。

And where the fungal cells interact with the root cells, there's a trade of carbon for nutrients⁹, 在真菌细胞和根细胞交流的地方，时时刻刻都发生着为了获取营养的碳交易，

and that fungus gets those nutrients by growing through the soil and coating every soil particle. 真菌靠着在土地里生长，并且覆盖住所有的土壤颗粒来获取养分。

The web is so dense¹⁰ that there can be hundreds of kilometers of mycelium under a single footstep. 这个网络无比密集以至于在你每走过一步脚下的菌丝连起来可以有几百公里长。

And not only that, that mycelium connects different individuals in the forest,  不仅如此，菌丝跟森林中其它的个体也都有联系，

individuals not only of the same species but between species, like birch and fir, and it works kind of like the Internet. 这种联系不仅仅在单一的种类中存在，在不同种类之间也存在，比如纸皮桦和花旗松，而且它的工作原理就像是互联网一样。

1 plantations   

n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Soon great plantations, supported by slave labor, made some families very wealthy. 不久之后出现了依靠奴隶劳动的大庄园，使一些家庭成了富豪。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• Winterborne's contract was completed, and the plantations were deserted. 维恩特波恩的合同完成后，那片林地变得荒废了。 来自辞典例句

2 conversing   

v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• I find that conversing with her is quite difficult. 和她交谈实在很困难。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They were conversing in the parlor. 他们正在客厅谈话。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

3 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

4 hormones   

n. 荷尔蒙，激素 名词hormone的复数形式

参考例句：

• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
• The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。

5 symbiosis   

n.共生（关系），共栖

参考例句：

• They live in a symbiosis with governments that they are financing.他们与他们服务的政府互利共存。
• The symbiosis between social values and political structure has produced extraordinary achievement.社会价值观念和政治结构的共生现象带来了非凡的成就。

6 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

7 fungus   

n.真菌，真菌类植物

参考例句：

• Mushrooms are a type of fungus.蘑菇是一种真菌。
• This fungus can just be detected by the unaided eye.这种真菌只用肉眼就能检查出。

8 colonizes   

开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的名词复数 )

参考例句：

9 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 dense   

a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的

参考例句：

• The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
• The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。