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CRI实用英语课堂 Unit 25 Environmental Protection II 环境保护(中)

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Part 4  Air Pollution 空气污染 

    Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor1 and inert2 gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.

    There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone3 layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being4 as well as for the whole environment.

    One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel5 smoke is a good example of this particular matter. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles7, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal8 in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quantities of soot9 into the air.

    Another type of pollution is the release of noxious10 gases, such as sulfur11 dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors12. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.

    Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants14 derived15 from different sources, primarily automobile6 exhaust and industrial emissions16. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year.

    Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant13, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets17 of water in the air, the water or snow can become acidified . The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife.

    The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the world's plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earth's forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt.

    Ozone depletion18 is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric19 layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife.

    Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking.

    In many countries in the world, steps are being taken to stop the damage to our environment from air pollution. Scientific groups study the damaging effects on plant, animal and human life. Legislative20 bodies write laws to control emissions. Educators in schools and universities teach students, beginning at very young ages, about the effects of air pollution.

    The first step to solving air pollution is assessment21 . Researchers have investigated outdoor air pollution and have developed standards for measuring the type and amount of some serious air pollutants. Scientists must then determine how much exposure to pollutants is harmful. Once exposure levels have been set, steps can be undertaken to reduce exposure to air pollution. These can be accomplished22 by regulation of man-made pollution through legislation. Many countries have set controls on pollution emissions for transportation vehicles and industry.

    Prevention is another key to controlling air pollution. The regulatory agencies mentioned above play an essential role in reducing and preventing air pollution in the environment.

    In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that are not regulated through personal, careful attention to our interactions with the environment. Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and individuals can we reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet. This challenge must be met by all of us in order to assure that a healthy environment will exist for ourselves and our children.

    所谓干洁空气是指在自然状态下的大气,由混合气体、水气和杂质组成,当大气中污染物质的浓度达到有害程度,以至破坏生态系统和人类正常生存和发展的条件,对人或物造成危害的现象叫做大气污染。造成大气污染的原因,既有自然因素又有人为因素,尤其是人为因素,如工业废气、燃烧、汽车尾气和核爆炸等。随着人类经济活动和生产的迅速发展,在大量消耗能源的同时,同时也将大量的废气、烟尘物质排入大气,严重影响了大气环境的质量,特别是在人口稠密的城市和工业区域。

    大气中的二氧化碳浓度增加,阻止地球热量的散失,使地球发生可感觉到的气温升高,这就是有名的“温室效应”,致使地球气温上升。

    随着工业化和能源消费增多,酸性排放物也日益增多,它们进入空气中,经过一系列化学作用就形成了酸雨。人们对酸性排放物已经有了控制,但仍然还有酸雨现象。大气尘埃可能是造成酸雨问题的另一原因。

    臭氧层是地球最好的保护伞,它吸收了来自太阳的大部分紫外线。然而近二十年的科学研究和大气观测发现:每年春季南极大气中的臭氧层一直在变薄,事实上在极地大气中存在一个臭氧“洞” 通过不断的科学研究,人们发现人类社会活动释放的物质严重的破坏了臭氧层,当然这种现象还受到这一地区独特的气象状态(极涡、寒冷的平流层温度、极地平流层云)的影响。

    大气被污染后,由于污染物质的来源、性质和持续时间的不同,被污染地区的气象条件、地理环境等因素的差别,以及人的年龄、健康状况的不同,对人体造成的危害也不尽相同。大气污染对人体的危害主要表现为呼吸道疾病;对植物可使其生理机制受抑制,生长不良,抗病抗虫能力减弱,甚至死亡;大气污染还能对气候产生不良影响,如降低能见度,减少太阳的辐射而导致城市佝偻病发病率的增加;大气污染物能腐蚀物品,影响产品质量;近十几年来,不少国家发现酸雨,雨雪中酸度增高,使河湖、土壤酸化、鱼类减少甚至灭绝,森林发育受影响,这与大气污染是有密切关系的。

    大气污染对气候的影响很大,大气污染排放的污染物对局部地区和全球气候都会产生一定影响,尤其对全球气候的影响,从长远的观点看,这种影响将是很严重的。由于人类对自然的严重破坏,在世界范围内掀起了保护大气环境的浪潮。许多国家围绕大气污染物的来源与归宿,大气化学过程中的反应机理及效应进行了大量的研究工作,促进了人类对一系列环境问题的认识。

Dialogue Script  对话原文

David: The air in Beijing is seriously polluted. Look! I can even see the floating dirt overhead.
Li: Yes, air pollution in China is extremely serious, especially in cities with heavy industry.
David: Isn't there any protecting measure adopted by government for the sake of people's health?
Li: There are many. But some depurating devices are not so effective. Some effective devices are so expensive that manufacturers can't even afford.
David: That's it. Then why not consider reducing some heavy industries?
Li: Pretty hard! China is a developing country and needs heavy industries to increase it's GDP.
David: How about transferring some plants to suburbs?
Li: It's a good idea! There is a low population density23 in suburbs so that the harm to people is also slight. However, it brings great inconvenience.

讲解:

1. 对话中David和李平在讨论有什么办法能够缓解现在城市中的空气污染状况。David抱怨说北京空气污染真的很严重,都能看见上空飘着的浮尘。pollute是污染的意思,常用的句式就是pollute something with something,for example, Rivers are polluted with chemical waste from factories. 河流被工厂排放的化学废料污染了。

2. 如果用到比喻当中,pollute可以表示“玷污或亵渎某事物,破坏”,那么我们再来延伸一下,pollutant,污染物,pollution,pollute的名词形式,污染。

3. 李平也说中国的空气污染很严重,尤其是那些重工业城市,heavy industry,就是“重工业”,那么轻工业呢,就是“light industry”。David问难道政府没有为了人们的健康而采取措施吗?adopt表示“采取,采用”,例如:They adopted our methods. 他们采用了我们的办法。Adopt还表示“收养”,She adopted a baby girl last year. 她去年收养了一个女婴。

4. sake表示“为了…之好处, 出于对...的兴趣, 缘故, 理由”,那么由它组成的短语for the sake of something或者for one's sake,就表示“为了…好处;为…着想”,I stopped smoking for the sake of my health.为了我的健康我戒烟了。She only did that for her own sake. 她那么做只是为了她自己。

5. sake还以用来加强语气,表示迫切的请求 或不耐烦,例如:for God's sake 看在上帝的份上for Christ's sake 看在基督面上,看在老天面上,比如说,你正在专心读书准备考试,但是隔壁正在开party,你就可以大喊,For God's sake, stop making the noise! I'm trying to read!

6. 政府当然会采取措施来控制空气污染,只是很多净化空气的设备不是很有效,而很多工厂又支付不起效果显著但是非常昂贵的机器设备。afford,表示“能够提供,负担得起”,既可以指实质性的东西,比如金钱,也可以指一些抽象的东西,比如时间、感情等等,例如:I can't afford a new car. 我买不起新车。He's so busy that he can't even afford an hour for lunch. 他太忙了,甚至抽不出一小时来吃午饭。

7. David说,既然负担不起,就减少一些重工业好了,但是李平觉得这很难,因为中国是一个发展中国家,需要重工业来发展经济,GDP就是国内生产总值,gross domestic product。David又建议说或者可以把一些工厂搬到郊区,那里人口密度小,空气的污染面相对就会小一些。但是这又会带来极大的不便。

Part 5  Water Pollution 水污染 

    Comprising over 70% of the Earth's surface, water is undoubtedly24 the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly unvaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper25. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.

    Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely26 affected27 due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. The sources of water pollution are categorized as being a point source or a non-source point of pollution. Point sources of pollution occur when the polluting substance is emitted directly into the waterway. A pipe spewing toxic28 chemicals directly into a river is an example. A non-point source occurs when there is runoff of pollutants into a waterway, for instance when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by surface runoff.

    There are several types of water pollution. A toxic substance is a chemical pollutant that is not a naturally occurring substance in aquatic29 ecosystems31. The greatest contributors to toxic pollution are herbicides, pesticides32 and industrial compounds.

    Organic pollution occurs when an excess of organic matter, such as manure33 or sewage, enters the water. When organic matter increases in a pond, the number of decomposers will increase. These decomposers grow rapidly and use a great deal of oxygen during their growth. This leads to a depletion of oxygen as the decomposition34 process occurs. A lack of oxygen can kill aquatic organisms. As the aquatic organisms die, they are broken down by decomposers which leads to further depletion of the oxygen levels.

    Thermal35 pollution can occur when water is used as a coolant near a power or industrial plant and then is returned to the aquatic environment at a higher temperature than it was originally. Thermal pollution can lead to a decrease in the dissolved oxygen level in the water while also increasing the biological demand of aquatic organisms for oxygen.

    Ecological36 pollution takes place when chemical pollution, organic pollution or thermal pollution are caused by nature rather than by human activity. An example of ecological pollution would be an increased rate of siltation37 of a waterway after a landslide38 which would increase the amount of sediments39 in runoff water. Another example would be when a large animal, such as a deer, drowns in a flood and a large amount of organic material is added to the water as a result. Major geological events such as a volcano eruption40 might also be sources of ecological pollution. And this is just one of the biggest problems facing the countries now which were hit by tsunami41 in December last year.

    There are many sources of water pollutants.Farms often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides, both of which are toxic pollutants. These substances are particularly dangerous to life in rivers, streams and lakes, where toxic substances can build up over a period of time. Farms also frequently use large amounts of chemical fertilizers that are washed into the waterways and damage the water supply and the life within it.

    Waste and sewage generated by industry can get into the water supply, introducing large organic pollutants into the ecosystem30. Many industrial and power plants use rivers, streams and lakes to despose of waste heat. The resulting hot water can cause thermal pollution. Thermal pollution can have a disasterous effect on life in an aquatic ecosystem as temperature increaces decreace the amount of oxygen in the water, thereby42 reducing the number of animals that can survive there.

    Water can become contaminated with toxic or radioactive materials from industry, mine sites and abandoned hazardous43 waste sites. Acid precipitation is caused when the burning of fossil fuels emits sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the water in the atmosphere, creating rainfall which contains sulfuric acid. As acid precipitation falls into lakes, streams and ponds it can lower the overall pH of the waterway, killing44 vital plant life, thereby affecting the whole food chain.

    Sewage generated by houses or runoff from septic tanks into nearby waterways, introduce organic pollutants that can cause eutrophication. Fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides used for lawn care can runoff and contaminate the waterway. As with agriculteral fertilizers, home fertilizers can lead to the eutrophication of lakes and rivers.

    Improper45 disposal of hazardous chemicals down the drain itroduce toxic materials into to the ecosystem, contaminating the water supplies in a way that can harm aquatic organisms. Leaks of oil and antifreeze from a car on a driveway can be washed off by the rain into nearby waterways, polluting it.

    Clearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities46 to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and becomepart of the solution.

    As we head into the 21st century, awareness47 and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely48.

    水体因某种物质的介入,而导致其化学、物理、生物或者放射性等方面特征的改变,从而影响水的有效利用,危害人体健康或者破坏生态环境,造成水质恶化的现象称为水污染。

    水污染物源于很多的人类活动。工业污染物可从工厂中的排泄管流出,或者可从管道和地下储存罐中外泄。受污染的水也可能是从矿山流出,而流经矿山的水通过含矿物的岩石的沥滤,或已受到加工矿石的化学制品的污染。

    城市和其他居民区的水污染大多源自下水道中混有的微量家庭化学制品。有时工厂将污染物排泄到城市的污水系统中,使城区各种污染物质增多。来自于像农田。牧草场、饲育场和大农场等农业源头的污染物有动物粪便、农业化学制品以及腐蚀过程中产生的沉淀物。

    人类的活动会使大量的工业、农业和生活废弃物排入水中,使水受到污染。目前,全世界每年约有4200多亿立方米的污水排入江河湖海,污染了5.5万亿立方米的淡水,这相当于全球径流总量的14%以上。

    水污染有两类:一类是自然污染;另一类是人为污染。当前对水体危害较大的是人为污染。水污染可根据污染杂质的不同而主要分为化学性污染、物理性污染和生物性污染三大类

    在发展工业,建设城市的同时,就要注意到水资源的保护。因为一旦水资源受到污染,将严重的制约工业、农业的发展以及人类的生存。

Dialogue Script  对话原文

Sarah: The more I learn about the world around me, the more aware I become of the problems facing us.
Bob: Do you mean the problems here in China?
Sarah: Yes, here and all over the world.
Bob: Well, there's one problem I'm certainly aware of and that is the environmental pollution all around us.
Sarah: That is one of the great problems, but in many parts of the world, as people become more aware and apply new technology to solving the pollution problem; there is hope for the future.
Bob: What technology will help with pollution control?
Sarah: Well, for example, I've recently read an article about using certain types of bacteria to help control some pollution problems.
Bob: How could that be? I thought bacteria just caused illness.
Sarah: That's not true. Bacteriologists have identified certain strains of bacteria that "eat" petroleum49 products, such as oil and gasoline.
Bob: That sounds strange. How does it work?
Sarah: They ingest the petroleum and excrete hydrogen and oxygen, leaving a clean environment behind them.
Bob: Could they use that little bug50 to clean up big oil spills?
Sarah: Yes, as a matter of fact, they are being proven to be the most successful method of cleaning up after land-based oil spills and are useful for marine51 spills.
Bob: Wow! Are there other types of pollution that those microbes like to eat?
Sarah: Sure, bacteria have been used to remove arsenic52 from the sludge produced by gold mining operations. There are seven experiments being done now to reduce nuclear waste to a harmless residue53.
Bob: Maybe those bacteria that we used to worry about will eventually save the world!

讲解:

1. 对话中Sarah 和Bob在为世界的环境污染状况担忧。Sarah说The more I learn about the world around me, the more aware I become of the problems facing us. 这里我们又看到了the more…, the more…这个句式,就是两个比较级形式重叠起来,表示“越…就…”,在以前的实用英语课堂中我们提到过。后面的句子,the more aware I become of the problems facing us. 把顺序调整过来就是I become more aware of the problems facing us. 一定要注意这个句式中的语序,别丢三落四的。这里就不能丢掉这个of,因为of是be /become aware of 这个短语的重要组成部分。

2. be /become aware of表示“知道,了解”,相当于know,只不过感觉上要更正式一些。例如:I was not aware of President's being here.我不知道总统先生在这。

3. 环境污染是全世界共同关心的问题,而不仅仅是中国。但是Sarah相信,随着人们对环境污染的认识越来越清醒,并使用新的技术解决污染问题,未来还是大有希望的。那么有哪些技术能有利于环境污染的治理呢?真是太多了,比如,Sarah在这里就提到了一种细菌,就是“bacteria”,能够控制污染。

4. Bob问细菌不是导致疾病的吗?其实并不是所有的细菌都能导致疾病的。细菌学家已经发现,某些种类的细菌能够“吃掉”石油产品,例如机油和汽油。这些细菌把汽油等石油产品吃下肚,然后排出氢气和氧气,从而使周围的环境变得清洁。这些细菌可以用来清除大片泄漏的油污。事实上,这样的细菌已经被证明是清除陆地上泄漏油污的最成功的方法,对清除海洋泄漏油污也很有效果。他们还可以被用来清除金矿开采所产生的污泥中的砷。有人还在进行试验,把核废料转化成无害物。说不定我们以前害怕的细菌最终能拯救世界呢。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 vapor DHJy2     
n.蒸汽,雾气
参考例句:
  • The cold wind condenses vapor into rain.冷风使水蒸气凝结成雨。
  • This new machine sometimes transpires a lot of hot vapor.这部机器有时排出大量的热气。
2 inert JbXzh     
adj.无活动能力的,惰性的;迟钝的
参考例句:
  • Inert gas studies are providing valuable information about other planets,too.对惰性气体的研究,也提供了有关其它行星的有价值的资料。
  • Elemental nitrogen is a very unreactive and inert material.元素氮是一个十分不活跃的惰性物质。
3 ozone omQzBE     
n.臭氧,新鲜空气
参考例句:
  • The ozone layer is a protective layer around the planet Earth.臭氧层是地球的保护层。
  • The capacity of ozone can adjust according of requirement.臭氧的产量可根据需要或调节。
4 well-being Fe3zbn     
n.安康,安乐,幸福
参考例句:
  • He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。
  • My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福,却被误解为多管闲事。
5 diesel ql6zo     
n.柴油发动机,内燃机
参考例句:
  • We experimented with diesel engines to drive the pumps.我们试着用柴油机来带动水泵。
  • My tractor operates on diesel oil.我的那台拖拉机用柴油开动。
6 automobile rP1yv     
n.汽车,机动车
参考例句:
  • He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
  • The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。
7 automobiles 760a1b7b6ea4a07c12e5f64cc766962b     
n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽车普及后,就不再使用马和马车了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 宽阔的林荫道上,汽车川流不息。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
8 charcoal prgzJ     
n.炭,木炭,生物炭
参考例句:
  • We need to get some more charcoal for the barbecue.我们烧烤需要更多的碳。
  • Charcoal is used to filter water.木炭是用来过滤水的。
9 soot ehryH     
n.煤烟,烟尘;vt.熏以煤烟
参考例句:
  • Soot is the product of the imperfect combustion of fuel.煤烟是燃料不完全燃烧的产物。
  • The chimney was choked with soot.烟囱被煤灰堵塞了。
10 noxious zHOxB     
adj.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
参考例句:
  • Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。
  • Many household products give off noxious fumes.很多家用产品散发有害气体。
11 sulfur ps4wC     
n.硫,硫磺(=sulphur)
参考例句:
  • Sulfur emissions from steel mills become acid rain.炼钢厂排放出的硫形成了酸雨。
  • Burning may produce sulfur oxides.燃烧可能会产生硫氧化物。
12 vapors 94a2c1cb72b6aa4cb43b8fb8f61653d4     
n.水汽,水蒸气,无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 );自夸者;幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁(症)v.自夸,(使)蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • His emotions became vague and shifted about like vapors. 他的心情则如同一团雾气,变幻无常,捉摸不定。 来自辞典例句
  • They have hysterics, they weep, they have the vapors. 他们歇斯底里,他们哭泣,他们精神忧郁。 来自辞典例句
13 pollutant N1Zzy     
n.污染物质,散布污染物质者
参考例句:
  • Coal itself is a heavy pollutant.煤本身就是一种严重的污染物。
  • Carbon dioxide may not be a typical air pollutant.二氧化碳可能不是一种典型的污染物。
14 pollutants 694861490fe64672170a0da250a277c7     
污染物质(尤指工业废物)( pollutant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere. 污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。
  • The 1987 Amendments limit 301(g) discharges to a few well-studied nonconventional pollutants. 1987年的修正案把第301条(g)的普通排放限制施加在一些认真研究过的几种非常规污染物上。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
15 derived 6cddb7353e699051a384686b6b3ff1e2     
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
参考例句:
  • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
16 emissions 1a87f8769eb755734e056efecb5e2da9     
排放物( emission的名词复数 ); 散发物(尤指气体)
参考例句:
  • Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
  • Dangerous emissions radiate from plutonium. 危险的辐射物从钚放散出来。
17 droplets 3c55b5988da2d40be7a87f6b810732d2     
n.小滴( droplet的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Droplets of sweat were welling up on his forehead. 他额头上冒出了滴滴汗珠。 来自辞典例句
  • In constrast, exhaled smoke contains relatively large water droplets and appears white. 相反,从人嘴里呼出的烟则包含相当大的水滴,所以呈白色。 来自辞典例句
18 depletion qmcz2     
n.耗尽,枯竭
参考例句:
  • Increased consumption of water has led to rapid depletion of groundwater reserves.用水量的增加导致了地下水贮备迅速枯竭。
  • Farmers should rotate crops every season to prevent depletion of the soil.农夫每季应该要轮耕,以免耗尽土壤。
19 atmospheric 6eayR     
adj.大气的,空气的;大气层的;大气所引起的
参考例句:
  • Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
  • Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。
20 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构,立法权;adj.立法的,有立法权的
参考例句:
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
21 assessment vO7yu     
n.评价;评估;对财产的估价,被估定的金额
参考例句:
  • This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
  • What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何?
22 accomplished UzwztZ     
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的
参考例句:
  • Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
  • Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。
23 density rOdzZ     
n.密集,密度,浓度
参考例句:
  • The population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。
  • The region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。
24 undoubtedly Mfjz6l     
adv.确实地,无疑地
参考例句:
  • It is undoubtedly she who has said that.这话明明是她说的。
  • He is undoubtedly the pride of China.毫无疑问他是中国的骄傲。
25 prosper iRrxC     
v.成功,兴隆,昌盛;使成功,使昌隆,繁荣
参考例句:
  • With her at the wheel,the company began to prosper.有了她当主管,公司开始兴旺起来。
  • It is my earnest wish that this company will continue to prosper.我真诚希望这家公司会继续兴旺发达。
26 adversely 6zEzi6     
ad.有害地
参考例句:
  • We commented adversely upon the imbecility of that message of telegraphic style. 我们对着这条电报式的愚蠢的留言发泄了一通不满。
  • Widely fluctuating exchange rates may adversely affect international trade. 浮动幅度很大的汇率可能会对国际贸易产生有害的影响。
27 affected TzUzg0     
adj.不自然的,假装的
参考例句:
  • She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
  • His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
28 toxic inSwc     
adj.有毒的,因中毒引起的
参考例句:
  • The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
  • There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。
29 aquatic mvXzk     
adj.水生的,水栖的
参考例句:
  • Aquatic sports include swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船。
  • We visited an aquatic city in Italy.我们在意大利访问过一个水上城市。
30 ecosystem Wq4xz     
n.生态系统
参考例句:
  • This destroyed the ecosystem of the island.这样破坏了岛上的生态系统。
  • We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益。
31 ecosystems 94cb0e40a815bea1157ac8aab9a5380d     
n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样,从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句
32 pesticides abb0488ed6905584ea91347395a890e8     
n.杀虫剂( pesticide的名词复数 );除害药物
参考例句:
  • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides 未用杀虫剂种植的蔬菜
  • There is a lot of concern over the amount of herbicides and pesticides used in farming. 人们对农业上灭草剂和杀虫剂的用量非常担忧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
33 manure R7Yzr     
n.粪,肥,肥粒;vt.施肥
参考例句:
  • The farmers were distributing manure over the field.农民们正在田间施肥。
  • The farmers used manure to keep up the fertility of their land.农夫们用粪保持其土质的肥沃。
34 decomposition AnFzT     
n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃
参考例句:
  • It is said that the magnetite was formed by a chemical process called thermal decomposition. 据说这枚陨星是在热分解的化学过程中形成的。
  • The dehydration process leads to fairly extensive decomposition of the product. 脱水过程会导致产物相当程度的分解。
35 thermal 8Guyc     
adj.热的,由热造成的;保暖的
参考例句:
  • They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
  • Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。
36 ecological IrRxX     
adj.生态的,生态学的
参考例句:
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
37 siltation 1084dea4f3f213491c85ee5c532a1b48     
沉积作用,淤积
参考例句:
  • The siltation relates with the circumfluence. 淤积的主要原因是回流淤积。 来自互联网
  • The rubber siltation place, wipes uniform with the hair brush the rubber, until gel gelation gelling. 胶淤积的地方,用毛刷将胶抹匀,直至胶凝。 来自互联网
38 landslide XxyyG     
n.(竞选中)压倒多数的选票;一面倒的胜利
参考例句:
  • Our candidate is predicated to win by a landslide.我们的候选人被预言将以绝对优势取胜。
  • An electoral landslide put the Labour Party into power in 1945.1945年工党以压倒多数的胜利当选执政。
39 sediments 8b3acb612b624abdf2c2881bc6928565     
沉淀物( sediment的名词复数 ); 沉积物
参考例句:
  • When deposited, 70-80% of the volume of muddy sediments may be water. 泥质沉积物沉积后,体积的70-80%是水。
  • Oligocene erosion had truncated the sediments draped over the dome. 覆盖于穹丘上的沉积岩为渐新世侵蚀所截削。
40 eruption UomxV     
n.火山爆发;(战争等)爆发;(疾病等)发作
参考例句:
  • The temple was destroyed in the violent eruption of 1470 BC.庙宇在公元前1470年猛烈的火山爆发中摧毁了。
  • The eruption of a volcano is spontaneous.火山的爆发是自发的。
41 tsunami bpAyo     
n.海啸
参考例句:
  • Powerful quake sparks tsunami warning in Japan.大地震触发了日本的海啸预警。
  • Coastlines all around the Indian Ocean inundated by a huge tsunami.大海啸把印度洋沿岸地区都淹没了。
42 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
43 hazardous Iddxz     
adj.(有)危险的,冒险的;碰运气的
参考例句:
  • These conditions are very hazardous for shipping.这些情况对航海非常不利。
  • Everybody said that it was a hazardous investment.大家都说那是一次危险的投资。
44 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
参考例句:
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
45 improper b9txi     
adj.不适当的,不合适的,不正确的,不合礼仪的
参考例句:
  • Short trousers are improper at a dance.舞会上穿短裤不成体统。
  • Laughing and joking are improper at a funeral.葬礼时大笑和开玩笑是不合适的。
46 capabilities f7b11037f2050959293aafb493b7653c     
n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力
参考例句:
  • He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大,自视甚高。 来自辞典例句
  • Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为,标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
47 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
48 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
49 petroleum WiUyi     
n.原油,石油
参考例句:
  • The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
50 bug 5skzf     
n.虫子;故障;窃听器;vt.纠缠;装窃听器
参考例句:
  • There is a bug in the system.系统出了故障。
  • The bird caught a bug on the fly.那鸟在飞行中捉住了一只昆虫。
51 marine 77Izo     
adj.海的;海生的;航海的;海事的;n.水兵
参考例句:
  • Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
  • When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时,他自愿参加了海军陆战队。
52 arsenic 2vSz4     
n.砒霜,砷;adj.砷的
参考例句:
  • His wife poisoned him with arsenic.他的妻子用砒霜把他毒死了。
  • Arsenic is a poison.砒霜是毒药。
53 residue 6B0z1     
n.残余,剩余,残渣
参考例句:
  • Mary scraped the residue of food from the plates before putting them under water.玛丽在把盘子放入水之前先刮去上面的食物残渣。
  • Pesticide persistence beyond the critical period for control leads to residue problems.农药一旦超过控制的临界期,就会导致残留问题。
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