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新编大学英语阅读部分第四册Unit10-1

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Unit 10
Medical Ethics1

In-Class Reading
A License2 to Kill

1 Advocates of assisted suicide and euthanasia find a role model in Holland, the only country that permits both practices. They say its policy is a "remarkable3 triumph of common sense". Yet a closer look reveals the truth about the practice of euthanasia in Holland.
2 The Royal Dutch Medical Association officially endorsed4 euthanasia in 1984, and issued strict guidelines on how to perform it: The patient's condition must be one of unbearable5 suffering that cannot be relieved, and the patient must freely request to die. When a patient does ask, the doctor should not proceed without consulting an independent physician. Then each case must be reported as an "unnatural6 death" to local officials. Doctors who don't follow the guidelines can be imprisoned8 for up to 12 years.
3 Approved by parliament, the guidelines were meant to protect and empower terminally ill patients. But evidence suggests that they empower doctors instead.
4 Though patients are supposed to decide for themselves, they are sometimes influenced by doctors. If doctors judge someone's quality of life to be low, they ask, "Why should we add to the suffering?"
5 A survey commissioned by the Dutch government estimated that only 3,600 people died in 1995 as a result of assisted suicide or euthanasia. But this only included cases where the patient requested death. The survey did not count as euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide the 900 cases in which patients' lives were ended without their request and nearly 1,900 deaths in which doctors increased pain-killing9 drugs with the explicit10 intention of hastening death.
6 A 64-year-old woman, told in 1988 that she had advanced ovarian cancer, wished to die at home. When she awoke one morning covered in what looked like red pinpricks, her husband took her to the hospital. Returning to the hospital the next day to take his wife home, he took a short walk while he waited for the doctor to attend to his wife. When the husband returned to his wife's room, she was unresponsive. Three hours later she died--from lethal11 drugs the doctor had injected into her body.
7 The husband believes a doctor proposed the injection and his wife was swayed. "She always thought doctors knew best," the husband said. "It wasn't euthanasia--it was murder." But there was no investigation12 since he did not want the doctor prosecuted13.
8 Because euthanasia is politically correct, prosecutors15 are often unwilling16 to press charges. Since 1981 only 20 doctors have faced the courts. Nine were convicted. Of those, six received suspended sentences, and three were given no punishment at all.
9 Doctors who have studied euthanasia in the Netherlands note that "what was intended as a solution for exceptional cases has become a routine way of dealing17 with terminal cases. The Netherlands has moved from euthanasia for the terminally ill to euthanasia for the chronically18 ill, from euthanasia for physical illness to euthanasia for psychological distress19, and from voluntary to involuntary euthanasia."
10 Already, Holland's euthanasia guidelines offer scant20 protection to the mentally ill and newborn babies. Researchers from the University of Utrecht found that more than 40 percent of all mentally handicapped patients who died in 1995 did so after a doctor's decision to withdraw treatment, increase pain-killing drugs or give lethal injections. In that same year, doctors were charged with killing two handicapped newborns. The courts ruled that the doctors had no option but to kill. The survey commissioned by the Dutch government reports that doctors now kill about 15 nonviable newborns a year.
11 In some cases, a patient's "right to die" has subtly become a "duty to die". Some people are pressured toward euthanasia by exhausted21 and impatient relatives. A story is told of a woman whose relatives gathered in Amsterdam for her planned euthanasia. One relative came from overseas. When the patient had last-minute doubts, the family said, "You can't have her come all this way for nothing." Instead of ensuring that the patient's true wishes were observed, the doctor carried out the euthanasia.
12 The key alternative to euthanasia--palliative care--is largely unavailable in Holland. Originated in England 30 years ago, this philosophy of total care for the terminally ill and their families offers spiritual comfort and the control of physical and mental pain without seeking to either hasten or postpone22 death. Today almost all communities in the United Kingdom and many in Europe and North America provide such care, often in facilities known as hospices.
13 Dr. Robert Twycross, a leading British authority on palliative care, recalls a cancer patient who drank excessively to escape the pain and mental distress caused by his illness and finally demanded to be put to death. After pain treatment, the patient changed his mind, saying, "It wasn't me speaking. It was the alcohol."
14 "Depression often overlaps24 and complicates26 terminal illness," Twycross says. "As the patient comes out of depression, the demand for euthanasia evaporates."
15 A 65-year-old widow learned in October 1996 that neither surgery nor chemotherapy was likely to cure her cancer of the throat and stomach. But the two options available--a hospital or a nursing home--did not appeal to her, because she feared that her wishes would not be respected in either place. "I'm not afraid of death," she said, "but I don't want someone else to decide how I should die." She seriously considered euthanasia.
16 Like most Dutch people, she knew little about options in palliative care. Then an acquaintance told her about a hospice in a nearby city.
17 Five weeks later, she was sitting in the sun lounge of the hospice. "When I came here, I could hardly walk or talk, and I hadn't eaten for a month," she recalled. "After ten days, I chat, walk and feel relaxed. I know I'm not leaving here alive, but I feel like a human being."
18 She died peacefully a few weeks later. She had been cared for by a doctor with a special sense of mission--Ben Zylicz.
19 Five years before, soon after his patient was euthanized by another doctor, Zylicz quit his hospital post to dedicate himself to an alternative. "As a doctor, I saw lives taken for reasons that had little to do with healing," he says, "Now I am able to help patients in a humane28 and caring way.
20 "I hope that others--both doctors and patients--will have that chance." (1051 words)

Time taken: ________ minutes

Proper Names

Amsterdam
阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都)

Ben Zylicz
(男子名)本·塞力克斯

Holland
荷兰(欧洲国家)

Robert Twycross
(男子名)罗伯特·特瓦克劳斯

Royal Dutch Medical Association
荷兰皇家医学会

United Kingdom
英国,联合王国

University of Utrecht
乌得勒支大学


New Words

advocate
1) n. a person who speaks or writes in support of a cause, person, etc. 拥护者,提倡者
e.g. He is a lifelong advocate of disarmament (裁军).
2) v. support or urge by argument, recommend publicly 拥护,提倡
e.g. I) She advocates taking a more long-term view.
II) He advocates the return of capital punishment.

caring
adj. showing affection for other people, helpful and sympathetic when they are in trouble 关怀的
e.g. Phyllis is a caring doctor and she is highly respected by her patients.

chemotherapy
n. the treatment of disease using chemicals, often used in treating cancer 化学疗法

complicate25
v.
1) make an illness worse 使......变得更糟,使......更加恶化
e.g. His breathing problem has been complicated by a chest infection.
2) make something more difficult to understand or deal with 使......变得错综复杂,使......难弄
e.g. The situation is complicated by the fact that I've got to work late on Friday.

dedicate
v. devote wholly to some purpose or person, give completely (your energy, time, etc.) 献身,致力于,把(时间、精力等)用于
e.g. I) She dedicated29 her life to medical research.
II) The new president said she would dedicate herself to protecting the rights of the old, the sick and the homeless.

euthanasia
n. the practice of killing someone painlessly in order to stop their suffering when they are dying or have an incurable30 illness 无痛苦致死术,安乐死

euthanize
v. put a person or an animal to death in order to end their suffering 使安乐死

evaporate
v.
1) gradually become weaker and eventually disappear completely 消失,逐渐消散
e.g. His anger evaporated as the misunderstanding was explained.
2) change from a liquid or solid state into vapor27, pass off in vapor (使液体或固体)蒸发,挥发
e.g. The water is evaporated by the sun.

freely *
adv. willingly, without being ordered or forced to do something 自愿地
e.g. She freely admits that she's not as fast a runner as she used to be.

handicapped *
adj. physically32 or mentally disabled 残疾的,有智力缺陷的
e.g. It's cruel to make fun of a handicapped child.


hospice
n. a health care facility for supportive care of the terminally ill (晚期病人)护理所

humane
adj. having or showing sympathy, kindness and understanding 人道的,富有同情心的
e.g. It is the responsibility of a humane society to treat animals as well as it can.

imprison7 *
v. put or keep somebody in prison 监禁,关押
e.g. Several of the rioters were imprisoned for causing a disturbance33.

inject
v. use a needle and syringe to put a liquid, such as a medicine, into a person's body 注射
e.g. Doctors have been able to inject antibiotics34 (抗生素) into the blood stream for decades.

investigation *
n. an official attempt to find out the reasons for something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem 调查,调查研究
e.g. An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance35 of a thirteen-year-old boy.

involuntary *
adj.
1) done unwillingly36, or without the decision or intention of the person involved 不是出于自愿的
e.g. They argued that legalizing voluntary euthanasia would eventually lead to involuntary euthanasia.
2) unintentional, unconscious 无意识的,不自觉的
e.g. A sharp tap on the leg beneath the knee usually causes an involuntary movement of the lower leg.

license
n.
1) a reason or excuse to do something wrong or excessive 理由,借口
e.g. I) You must not see it as a license to trap people into an arrangement.
II) “Dropping the charges (撤销指控) has given racists a license to kill,” said Jim's aunt.
3) an official document which gives you permission to do, use, or own something 许可证,执照
e.g. I) Don't forget to bring your driving license.
II) The painting was returned to Spain on a temporary import license.

nonviable
adj. not capable of living, growing, and developing, as an embryo37 or seed 不能生长发育的

ovarian
adj. having to do with the female organs involved in egg production 卵巢的

overlap23
v. cover something partly by extending over its edge 与...... 部分重叠
e.g. The tiles on the roof overlap one another.

overseas
1) adv. in, from, or to countries that are across the sea (在、向或来自)海外,(在、向或来自)国外
e.g. I) Most applications came from overseas.
II) If you are living overseas, you may not have to pay tax in your own country.
2) adj. coming from or happening abroad 来自海外的,在海外的
e.g. I) Every year nine million overseas visitors come to London.
II) He has returned to South Africa from his long overseas trip.

palliative
adj. serving to relieve suffering without treating the cause of the suffering 减轻的,缓和的,治标的

parliament
n. a law making body (usually British or of the British Commonwealth) 国会,议会
e.g. I) On Tuesday the country's parliament voted to establish its own army.
II) In Britain, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the king or queen, although people often mean only the House of Commons when they refer to Parliament.

pinprick
n. a very small dot of something, or a very small hole in something, similar to one made by a pin 小孔,针刺的孔

prosecutor14 *
n. a legal representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a court of law 检察官,公诉人
e.g. The judge asked the prosecutor to call the first witness.

scant
adj. not enough 不足的,欠缺的
e.g. I paid scant attention to all my father's warnings.

suspended *
adj. delayed, temporarily stopped 被暂时搁置的
e.g. A cut in interest rates would lift the economy out of its current state of suspended animation38 (生机暂停).

sway
v.
1) change someone's opinion or judgment39, influence someone 使动摇,影响
e.g. I) Don't let him sway you from your decision.
II) Recent developments have swayed the balance of power in the region.
2) (cause someone or something to) move slowly from side to side (使......)摇摆
e.g. I) The ship swayed from side to side on the rough seas.
II) A drunk was standing31 in the middle of the street, swaying uncertainly and trying hard to stay upright.

terminally *
adv. with regard to the last stage in a fatal disease 晚期地,致命地
e.g. That hospital is mainly for terminally ill patients.

unavailable *
adj. not able to be obtained 不可获得的
e.g. Funding for the new school is unavailable.

unresponsive *
adj. not reacting to anything or making any movements 没有反应的
e.g. I found her in a coma40 (不省人事), totally unresponsive.


Phrases and Expressions

add to
make something such as a feeling or quality stronger and more noticeable 增加
e.g. I) He is given answers that only add to his confusion.
II) Smiles, nods, and cheerful faces added to the general gaiety (欢乐).

appeal to
be attractive to 吸引
e.g. The idea of becoming a successful businessman appeals to him.

as a result of
because of something that has happened 由于
e.g. As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

attend to
care for or deal with someone or something 照料,护理,处理
e.g. I) The doctors try to attend to the worst injured soldiers first.
II) There are more pressing matters to be attended to today.

be meant to
be thought, intended, or expected to 应该是,希望是
e.g. They are meant to be good cars.

charge someone with
accuse someone of 指挥某人做某事
e.g. I) The doctor was charged with murdering his patient.
II) The press charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes.

dedicate... to
devote... to 献身于
e.g. He decided41 to dedicate himself to the anti-nuclear movement.

have no option but to
have no alternative but to, have no choice but to 别无他法,只能
e.g. I) Mr. Smith said he had no option but to leave the company.
II) When I left school I wanted to travel, but I had no money so I had no option but to work.


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 ethics Dt3zbI     
n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准
参考例句:
  • The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
  • Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
2 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
3 remarkable 8Vbx6     
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
参考例句:
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
4 endorsed a604e73131bb1a34283a5ebcd349def4     
vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 );在(尤指支票的)背面签字;在(文件的)背面写评论;在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品
参考例句:
  • The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. 委员会通过了主席提出的新方案,开始就可能进行的并购进行讨论。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The government has broadly endorsed a research paper proposing new educational targets for 14-year-olds. 政府基本上支持建议对14 岁少年实行新教育目标的研究报告。 来自《简明英汉词典》
5 unbearable alCwB     
adj.不能容忍的;忍受不住的
参考例句:
  • It is unbearable to be always on thorns.老是处于焦虑不安的情况中是受不了的。
  • The more he thought of it the more unbearable it became.他越想越觉得无法忍受。
6 unnatural 5f2zAc     
adj.不自然的;反常的
参考例句:
  • Did her behaviour seem unnatural in any way?她有任何反常表现吗?
  • She has an unnatural smile on her face.她脸上挂着做作的微笑。
7 imprison j9rxk     
vt.监禁,关押,限制,束缚
参考例句:
  • The effect of this one is going to imprison you for life.而这件事的影响力则会让你被终身监禁。
  • Dutch colonial authorities imprisoned him for his part in the independence movement.荷兰殖民当局因他参加独立运动而把他关押了起来。
8 imprisoned bc7d0bcdd0951055b819cfd008ef0d8d     
下狱,监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was imprisoned for two concurrent terms of 30 months and 18 months. 他被判处30个月和18个月的监禁,合并执行。
  • They were imprisoned for possession of drugs. 他们因拥有毒品而被监禁。
9 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
参考例句:
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
10 explicit IhFzc     
adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的
参考例句:
  • She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
  • He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。
11 lethal D3LyB     
adj.致死的;毁灭性的
参考例句:
  • A hammer can be a lethal weapon.铁锤可以是致命的武器。
  • She took a lethal amount of poison and died.她服了致命剂量的毒药死了。
12 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
13 prosecuted Wk5zqY     
a.被起诉的
参考例句:
  • The editors are being prosecuted for obscenity. 编辑因刊载污秽文字而被起诉。
  • The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act. 这家公司被控违反《卫生安全条例》。
14 prosecutor 6RXx1     
n.起诉人;检察官,公诉人
参考例句:
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
  • The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
15 prosecutors a638e6811c029cb82f180298861e21e9     
检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 ); 告发人; 起诉人; 公诉人
参考例句:
  • In some places,public prosecutors are elected rather than appointed. 在有些地方,检察官是经选举而非任命产生的。 来自口语例句
  • You've been summoned to the Prosecutors' Office, 2 days later. 你在两天以后被宣到了检察官的办公室。
16 unwilling CjpwB     
adj.不情愿的
参考例句:
  • The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
  • His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。
17 dealing NvjzWP     
n.经商方法,待人态度
参考例句:
  • This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
  • His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
18 chronically yVsyi     
ad.长期地
参考例句:
  • Similarly, any pigment nevus that is chronically irritated should be excised. 同样,凡是经常受慢性刺激的各种色素痣切勿予以切除。
  • People chronically exposed to chlorine develop some degree of tolerance. 人长期接触氯气可以产生某种程度的耐受性。
19 distress 3llzX     
n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛
参考例句:
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
  • Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。
20 scant 2Dwzx     
adj.不充分的,不足的;v.减缩,限制,忽略
参考例句:
  • Don't scant the butter when you make a cake.做糕饼时不要吝惜奶油。
  • Many mothers pay scant attention to their own needs when their children are small.孩子们小的时候,许多母亲都忽视自己的需求。
21 exhausted 7taz4r     
adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的
参考例句:
  • It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长,到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
  • Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。
22 postpone rP0xq     
v.延期,推迟
参考例句:
  • I shall postpone making a decision till I learn full particulars.在未获悉详情之前我得从缓作出决定。
  • She decided to postpone the converastion for that evening.她决定当天晚上把谈话搁一搁。
23 overlap tKixw     
v.重叠,与…交叠;n.重叠
参考例句:
  • The overlap between the jacket and the trousers is not good.夹克和裤子重叠的部分不好看。
  • Tiles overlap each other.屋瓦相互叠盖。
24 overlaps d113557f17c9d775ab67146e39187d41     
v.部分重叠( overlap的第三人称单数 );(物体)部份重叠;交叠;(时间上)部份重叠
参考例句:
  • The style in these two books largely overlaps. 这两本书的文体有许多处是一致的。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The new office overlaps the functions of the one already in existence. 新机构的职能与那个现存机构的职能部分重叠。 来自辞典例句
25 complicate zX1yA     
vt.使复杂化,使混乱,使难懂
参考例句:
  • There is no need to complicate matters.没有必要使问题复杂化。
  • These events will greatly complicate the situation.这些事件将使局势变得极其复杂。
26 complicates 5877af381de63ddbd027e178c8d214f1     
使复杂化( complicate的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • What complicates the issue is the burden of history. 历史的重负使问题复杂化了。
  • Russia as a great and ambitious power gravely complicates the situation. 俄国作为一个强大而有野心的国家,使得局势异常复杂。
27 vapor DHJy2     
n.蒸汽,雾气
参考例句:
  • The cold wind condenses vapor into rain.冷风使水蒸气凝结成雨。
  • This new machine sometimes transpires a lot of hot vapor.这部机器有时排出大量的热气。
28 humane Uymy0     
adj.人道的,富有同情心的
参考例句:
  • Is it humane to kill animals for food?宰杀牲畜来吃合乎人道吗?
  • Their aim is for a more just and humane society.他们的目标是建立一个更加公正、博爱的社会。
29 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
30 incurable incurable     
adj.不能医治的,不能矫正的,无救的;n.不治的病人,无救的人
参考例句:
  • All three babies were born with an incurable heart condition.三个婴儿都有不可治瘉的先天性心脏病。
  • He has an incurable and widespread nepotism.他们有不可救药的,到处蔓延的裙带主义。
31 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
32 physically iNix5     
adj.物质上,体格上,身体上,按自然规律
参考例句:
  • He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服,心绪也很乱。
  • Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。
33 disturbance BsNxk     
n.动乱,骚动;打扰,干扰;(身心)失调
参考例句:
  • He is suffering an emotional disturbance.他的情绪受到了困扰。
  • You can work in here without any disturbance.在这儿你可不受任何干扰地工作。
34 antibiotics LzgzQT     
n.(用作复数)抗生素;(用作单数)抗生物质的研究;抗生素,抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
35 disappearance ouEx5     
n.消失,消散,失踪
参考例句:
  • He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.他难以说明她为什么不见了。
  • Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。
36 unwillingly wjjwC     
adv.不情愿地
参考例句:
  • He submitted unwillingly to his mother. 他不情愿地屈服于他母亲。
  • Even when I call, he receives unwillingly. 即使我登门拜访,他也是很不情愿地接待我。
37 embryo upAxt     
n.胚胎,萌芽的事物
参考例句:
  • They are engaging in an embryo research.他们正在进行一项胚胎研究。
  • The project was barely in embryo.该计划只是个雏形。
38 animation UMdyv     
n.活泼,兴奋,卡通片/动画片的制作
参考例句:
  • They are full of animation as they talked about their childhood.当他们谈及童年的往事时都非常兴奋。
  • The animation of China made a great progress.中国的卡通片制作取得很大发展。
39 judgment e3xxC     
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见
参考例句:
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
40 coma vqxzR     
n.昏迷,昏迷状态
参考例句:
  • The patient rallied from the coma.病人从昏迷中苏醒过来。
  • She went into a coma after swallowing a whole bottle of sleeping pills.她吃了一整瓶安眠药后就昏迷过去了。
41 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
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