经济学人07:Turning a line 化学元素即将出现新的一行

 　　Science and Technolgy.

　　科技。

　　Modern alchemy.

　　现代炼金术。

　　Turning a line.

　　进入新的一行。

　　The race to extend the periodic table continues.

　　扩展元素周期表的比赛仍在继续。

　　ONE of the first inklings that chemistry has an underlying¹ pattern was the discovery, early in the 19th century, of lithium, sodium² and potassium-known collectively as the alkali metals. Though different from each other they have strangely similar properties. This was one of the observations that led a German chemist called Johann Debereiner to wonder if all chemical elements came in families.

　　早在19世纪，人们对化学潜在规律已有模糊认知之时，锂、钠、钾被发现，它们同被称为碱金属。虽然并不相同，它们却有着不可思议的相似性质。正是这项发现，使德国化学家Johann Debereiner产生怀疑，是否所有的化学元素都是成族出现的。

　　It took decades to tease out the truth of Debereiner's conjecture³, and thus to construct the periodic table-in which the alkali metals form the first column. And it took decades more to explain why the table works (it is to do with the way electrons organise⁴ themselves in orbit around atomic nuclei⁵). But it is a fitting tribute to Debereiner's insight that, if all goes well, some time in the next few months will bring the creation of a new alkali metal, element number 119, by his countryman Christoph Dullmann of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. With that addition the table will do something which has never happened before. It will grow a new row.

　　科学家们证实Debereiner猜想的正确性用了数十年的时间，也因此建立了元素周期表——碱金属组成了第一族。其后又花费了数十年的时间来解释为何周期表是起作用的（与电子绕原子核外轨道运动的方式有关）。在即将到来的几个月里，如果一切顺利，德国达姆施塔特市GSI亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心的Christoph Dullmann将合成一个新的碱金属，即元素周期表中第119号元素。这也恰恰彰显了其同胞Debereiner的深刻洞察力。有了这个元素，周期表会发生前所未有的变化——延伸出新的一行。

　　Come in number 119.

　　119号元素即将出现。

　　An element's atomic number is the number of protons in its nucleus⁶. These, despite being mutually repulsive⁷ because they are positively⁸ charged, are held together by a phenomenon called the strong nuclear force. Some of this force is also supplied by neutrons⁹, which outnumber protons in most nuclei and have no electric charge. If, however, there are too many or too few neutrons in a nucleus, that nucleus becomes unstable¹⁰-in other words, it is radioactive. And the vagaries¹¹ of quantum physics mean that "too many" and "too few" sometimes overlap¹², and there is thus no stable isotope¹³ (or variant¹⁴, with fewer or more neutrons) of a particular element.

　　一种元素的原子序数是其原子核中的质子数。虽然质子之间因带正电荷而相互排斥，但被强核力聚集在一起。强核力的一部分也由中子提供，在大多数原子核内，中子比质子数量多，并且不带电荷。然而，如果核内中子过多或过少，原子核将变得不稳定——即具有放射性。难以捉摸的量子力学表明，中子"太多"和"太少"有时会重叠出现，因而一些特定的元素没有稳定的同位素（或称变体，核内中子数不同）。

　　This happens at two places-islands of instability, if you like-in the middle of the table. As a result technetium, element number 43, and promethium, 61, are always radioactive (and are not found naturally in detectable¹⁵ quantities). Further down the table, where nuclei get heavier and elements less familiar, instability happens more and more often. No element heavier than lead (number 82) has a stable isotope, and above number 92 (uranium) lifetimes are so short that these substances are almost non-existent in nature. Such "transuranic" elements can, however, be made artificially by the fusion¹⁶ of lighter¹⁷ ones. And that is precisely¹⁸ what Dr Dullmann intends to do in the case of element 119, by firing titanium atoms (number 22) at those of berkelium (97) and hoping some of them merge¹⁹.

　　这样的不稳定元素岛在周期表中部的两处出现。锝（43号元素）和钷（61号元素）都是放射性的，并且在自然中的存在数量无法侦测。周期表中继续向下看，元素的原子核都变得越来越重，元素也越来越不为人所熟悉，不稳定性更是频繁出现。比铅（82号）更重的元素都没有稳定的同位素，在铀（92号）之后的元素寿命太短，以致于在自然界中几乎不存在。这些"超铀"元素可以通过更轻元素的熔合来人工合成，这也是Dullmann博士想对119号元素应用的，将钛（22号）原子与锫（97号）原子大量熔合，希望其中一些可以合并产生新元素。

　　Making a new element is tricky²⁰. The titanium atoms must be travelling fast enough in GSI's particle accelerator to overcome the repulsion between their protons and those of the berkelium, yet slowly enough to avoid ripping the newly formed atom of element 119 apart before it has had time to settle down. With the right mix, though, Dr Dullmann is confident that one or two atoms of 119 will be created over the course of the next few months, and will hang around long enough to be detected.

　　合成一种新元素非常复杂。GSI的粒子加速器中的钛原子必须有足够快的移动速度来克服自身质子间的斥力与锫质子间的斥力，却又必须足够慢，以防将还没时间稳定下来的新合成元素119号撞裂。尽管需要良好的混合，Dullmann博士相信，在接下来的几个月中，会合成一两个119号元素的原子，并能稳定足够长的时间以被检测到。

　　That will be a feather in GSI's cap in its friendly competition with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in California (after which berkelium is named) and the Joint²¹ Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (after which dubnium, number 105, is named). Number 110 is named darmstadtium, and these three laboratories are, between them, responsible for the creation of all the transuranics found so far-most notably²² plutonium, which was used to blow up Nagasaki in 1945 and thus end the second world war.

　　在与加利福尼亚州的劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室（锫命名的由来之处）和俄罗斯杜布纳的联合核研究所（105号元素钍命名的由来之处）竞争的过程中，合成119号元素将会是GSI值得自豪的卓越成就。GSI实验室合成了110号元素，它也因此被命名为鐽；不止如此，这三所实验室合成了迄今为止所有的超铀元素。尤其引人注目的是钚，正是1945年在长崎爆炸的原子弹所使用的元素，也因此结束了第二次世界大战。

　　The islands of the blessed.

　　有福之岛。

　　Modern transuranic research is more peaceful than it was in the 1940s. Indeed, sceptics might wonder at the value of creating new elements a mere²³ atom or two at a time for little reason other than to show that it can be done. There is, however, method in the madness. Just as technetium and promethium are islands of instability in parts of the periodic table which are not normally radioactive, so many physicists²⁴ believe that in the unstable part at the bottom there lies an island of stability. Their prediction is that nuclei containing 184 neutrons (which would have atomic numbers in the 120s) will hang around for sensible amounts of time-possibly as long as several million years. That would at least give them a chance to be useful.

　　现代超铀元素的研究比上世纪40年代和平了许多。的确，怀疑论者会质疑，创造一个新的元素一次仅一、两个原子，只为展示它可以被合成，这样做究竟意义何在。然而，这样的举动虽看起来怪异，实际上却也合乎情理。正如周期表中的锝、钷是在通常没有放射性的地方出现的不稳定岛，所以许多物理学家认为，在不稳定部分中实际潜藏着稳定元素岛。他们预测，有184个中子的原子核（原子序数应在120-130之间）会稳定出现足够长的时间——也许是几百万年。这起码使它们可以被利用变为可能。

　　Dr Dullmann's version of element 119 will not quite be there. It will have only 177 neutrons. But if it can be made, it will be a stepping stone towards the fabled²⁵ island of stability, which is generally agreed to be a worthwhile destination. That it will be one in the eye for the Americans and the Russians as well is purely²⁶ coincidental.

　　Dullmann博士所述的119号元素也并不能达到稳定岛，它只有177个中子。但如果119号元素可以合成，将会是走向传说中的稳定岛的一个台阶，而稳定元素岛是公认的有价值的目的地。这也将会同时给美国人和俄罗斯人带来打击。

1 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

2 sodium   

n.（化）钠

参考例句：

• Out over the town the sodium lights were lit.在外面，全城的钠光灯都亮了。
• Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.食盐是钠和氯的复合物。

3 conjecture   

n./v.推测，猜测

参考例句：

• She felt it no use to conjecture his motives.她觉得猜想他的动机是没有用的。
• This conjecture is not supported by any real evidence.这种推测未被任何确切的证据所证实。

4 organise   

vt.组织，安排，筹办

参考例句：

• He has the ability to organise.他很有组织才能。
• It's my job to organise all the ceremonial events.由我来组织所有的仪式。

5 nuclei   

n.核

参考例句：

• To free electrons, something has to make them whirl fast enough to break away from their nuclei. 为了释放电子，必须使电子高速旋转而足以摆脱原子核的束缚。
• Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. 能量是由原子核分裂释放出来的。

6 nucleus   

n.核，核心，原子核

参考例句：

• These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
• These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。

7 repulsive   

adj.排斥的，使人反感的

参考例句：

• She found the idea deeply repulsive.她发现这个想法很恶心。
• The repulsive force within the nucleus is enormous.核子内部的斥力是巨大的。

8 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

9 neutrons   

n.中子( neutron的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The neutrons and protons form the core of the atom. 中子和质子构成了原子核。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• When an atom of U235 is split,several neutrons are set free. 一个铀235原子分裂时，释放出几个中子。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 unstable   

adj.不稳定的，易变的

参考例句：

• This bookcase is too unstable to hold so many books.这书橱很不结实，装不了这么多书。
• The patient's condition was unstable.那患者的病情不稳定。

11 vagaries   

n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况

参考例句：

• The vagaries of fortune are indeed curious.\" 命运的变化莫测真是不可思议。” 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
• The vagaries of inclement weather conditions are avoided to a certain extent. 可以在一定程度上避免变化莫测的恶劣气候影响。 来自辞典例句

12 overlap   

v.重叠，与…交叠；n.重叠

参考例句：

• The overlap between the jacket and the trousers is not good.夹克和裤子重叠的部分不好看。
• Tiles overlap each other.屋瓦相互叠盖。

13 isotope   

n.同位素

参考例句：

• The isotope ratio is directly used for comparing oils or gases.同位素比率直接用于比较各种石油或天然气。
• How to apply a radio isotope?如何运用放射性同位素？

14 variant   

adj.不同的，变异的；n.变体，异体

参考例句：

• We give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段，提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
• In a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种，是数据驱动的测试。

15 detectable   

adj.可发觉的；可查明的

参考例句：

• The noise is barely detectable by the human ear.人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到这种噪音的。
• The inflection point at this PH is barely detectable.在此PH值下，拐点不易发现。

16 fusion   

n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接

参考例句：

• Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc. 黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。
• This alloy is formed by the fusion of two types of metal.这种合金是用两种金属熔合而成的。

17 lighter   

n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级

参考例句：

• The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色，色调明朗了一些。
• The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。

18 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

19 merge   

v.(使)结合，(使)合并，(使)合为一体

参考例句：

• I can merge my two small businesses into a large one.我可以将我的两家小商店合并为一家大商行。
• The directors have decided to merge the two small firms together.董事们已决定把这两家小商号归并起来。

20 tricky   

adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的

参考例句：

• I'm in a rather tricky position.Can you help me out?我的处境很棘手，你能帮我吗？
• He avoided this tricky question and talked in generalities.他回避了这个非常微妙的问题，只做了个笼统的表述。

21 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

22 notably   

adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地

参考例句：

• Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。
• A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小，一头银发，每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。

23 mere   

adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过

参考例句：

• That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
• It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。

24 physicists   

物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
• Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。

25 fabled   

adj.寓言中的，虚构的

参考例句：

• For the first week he never actually saw the fabled Jack. 第一周他实际上从没见到传说中的杰克。
• Aphrodite, the Greek goddness of love, is fabled to have been born of the foam of the sea. 希腊爱神阿美罗狄蒂据说是诞生于海浪泡沫之中。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

26 purely   

adv.纯粹地，完全地

参考例句：

• I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
• This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。