经济学人:分子生物学 蛋白质的奥秘(1)

 　　Science and technology 科技

　　Molecular¹ Biology: Folding Stuff 分子生物学：折叠

　　Shape determines a protein's function. Determining that shape, though, is tricky². 蛋白质的结构决定功能，而结构的形成却很难。

　　ABOUT 120,000 types of protein molecule³ have yielded up their structures to science. 科学家已经了解了大约有120000种蛋白质分子的结构。

　　That sounds a lot, but it isn’t. 这看起来有很多，实则不然。

　　The techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear-magnetic resonance⁴ (NMR), which are used to elucidate⁵ such structures do not work on all proteins. 像X-射线晶体学，核磁共振（NMR）等一些用于分析蛋白质结构的技术，并非在所有蛋白质上都适用。

　　Some types are hard to produce or purify in the volumes required. 有些种类的蛋白质很难生产的或难以提纯出所需要的量。

　　Others do not seem to crystallise at all—a prerequisite⁶ for probing them with X-rays. 其他类型的则无法结晶化——而这是利用X-ray检测结构的先决条件。

　　As a consequence, those structures that have been determined⁷ include representatives of less than a third of the 16,000 known protein families. 这就导致，在16000个已知蛋白质家族的代表中，只有不超过三分之一的蛋白质的结构是已知的。

　　Researchers can build reasonable computer models for around another third, because the structures of these resemble ones already known. 基于已知晓的蛋白质的结构，研究人员可以针对另外1/3的蛋白质建立合理的计算机模型。

　　For the remainder, however, there is nothing to go on. 然而对剩余的部分却束手无策。

　　In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of information about those from the species of most interest to researchers: Homo sapiens. 除蛋白质家族的信息缺乏外，研究者对最让他们感兴趣的物种“智人”体内的蛋白质的了解也不多。

　　Only a quarter of known protein structures are human. 已知结构的蛋白质中，有1/4属于人体内的蛋白质。

　　A majority of the rest come from bacteria. 其余大部分来自于细菌。

　　This paucity⁸ is a problem, for in proteins form and function are intimately related. 因蛋白质的形态和功能密切相关，这一信息的缺失是个问题。

　　A protein is a chain of smaller molecules⁹, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or thousands of links long. 一个蛋白质分子是由较小分子所组成的分子链，称之为氨基酸，蛋白质通常有成百上千条相链接。

　　By a process not well understood, this chain folds up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional shape. 通过一个尚未明确的加工过程，分子链生成会后折叠成特定复杂的三维结构。

　　That shape determines what the protein does: acting¹⁰ as a channel, say, to admit a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme¹¹ to accelerate a chemical reaction;  蛋白质的结构决定了他们的工作角色，充当通道，让化学物质进入细胞，或者作为一种加速化学反应速度的酶；

　　or as a receptor, to receive chemical signals and pass them on to a cell’s molecular machinery¹². 又或是作为受体接收化学信号并将其传递到细胞的分子机制内。

　　Almost all drugs work by binding¹³ to a particular protein in a particular place, thereby¹⁴ altering or disabling that protein’s function. 几乎所有的药物都通过与特定位置的特定蛋白质相结合而发挥作用，从而改变或限制蛋白质的功能。

　　Designing new drugs is easier if binding sites can be identified in advance. 如果可以预先得知靶位点，研发新药物就较容易了。

　　But that means knowing the protein’s structure. 但这意味着要知道蛋白质的结构。

　　To be able to predict this from the order of the amino acids in the chain would thus be of enormous value. 利用氨基酸在分子链中的顺序，预测出蛋白质的结构是有着极为重大意义的。

　　That is a hard task, but it is starting to be cracked. 这是一项艰巨的任务，但现在已经有了一定进展。

1 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

2 tricky   

adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的

参考例句：

• I'm in a rather tricky position.Can you help me out?我的处境很棘手，你能帮我吗？
• He avoided this tricky question and talked in generalities.他回避了这个非常微妙的问题，只做了个笼统的表述。

3 molecule   

n.分子，克分子

参考例句：

• A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
• This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

4 resonance   

n.洪亮；共鸣；共振

参考例句：

• Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments.一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。
• The areas under the two resonance envelopes are unequal.两个共振峰下面的面积是不相等的。

5 elucidate   

v.阐明，说明

参考例句：

• The note help to elucidate the most difficult parts of the text.这些注释有助于弄清文中最难懂的部分。
• This guide will elucidate these differences and how to exploit them.这篇指导将会阐述这些不同点以及如何正确利用它们。

6 prerequisite   

n.先决条件；adj.作为前提的，必备的

参考例句：

• Stability and unity are a prerequisite to the four modernizations.安定团结是实现四个现代化的前提。
• It is a prerequisite of entry to the profession that you pass the exams.做这一行的先决条件是要通过了有关的考试。

7 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

8 paucity   

n.小量，缺乏

参考例句：

• The paucity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果缺乏是由于干旱造成的。
• The results are often unsatisfactory because of the paucity of cells.因细胞稀少，结果常令人不满意。

9 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

10 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

11 enzyme   

n.酵素，酶

参考例句：

• Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度，酶分子将会展开。
• An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。

12 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

13 binding   

有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的

参考例句：

• The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
• Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。

14 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。