经济学人189:南非城市现状 支离破碎

 　　South African cities

　　南非城市现状

　　Still worlds apart

　　支离破碎

　　Urban communities remain divided along racial lines. Can that be changed?

　　城市社区依然按照种族划分。这种状况是否有所转变？

　　DRIVING throughSouth Africacan be like taking a disheartening trip back in time. Twenty years after introducing full democracy, the racist¹ geography of the apartheid era is stubbornly unchanged.

　　在南非境内驾车，犹如一场时空倒退的旅行。二十年前，南非就倡导完全民主，二十年后，南非的种族歧视和种族隔离并未得到一丝一毫改变。

　　Most towns start with a collection of shacks², or perhaps rows of tiny matchbox houses, inevitably³ inhabited by blacks. A swathe of wasteland follows and then, further along, comes the town proper. Between the two, black people walk through fields or along roads—there are no proper pavements—or sometimes pile in and out of dilapidated minibus taxis en route from home to work. The effects of the Group Areas Act, which physically⁴ pushed non-whites to the margins⁵ of towns in 1950—at a distance, yet close enough to provide cheap labour—are still evident.

　　多数城镇郊区都是成片破旧的、极其狭窄的房屋，这无疑是黑人的住所。周围是一大片荒地，再远处就是城区了。市区和郊区间并没有人行道，出门工作时，黑人们只能穿过田地或者道路，有时候还要挤破烂不堪的面包车。1950年族群住区法将非白种人驱赶至城市边缘地带—有一定距离，但这距离也足够提供廉价劳动力—这种状况如今并无任何转变。

　　南非城市.jpg

　　In sprawlingJohannesburg, the biggest city inSouth Africaand its economic heartland, government officials are trying to break down this “spatial⁶ apartheid”. City planners have embarked⁷ on an ambitious project to “restitch”Johannesburg, aiming to narrow the great distances between the black majority's homes and their places of work. Getting communities to live side by side with each other will be no easy task. Income inequality and fear of violent crime have the effect of keeping races apart. Government efforts to provide electricity, water and housing to the poor have had the unintended consequence of strengthening apartheid geography by encouraging people to stay put. But the scheme can still make a big difference to people's lives.

　　约翰尼斯堡被分割的七零八碎，却是南非最大的城市和经济中心，政府官员们正在努力打破这种“种族隔离”状态。城市规划者们已经着手实施一项伟大工程—“重新使约翰尼斯堡成为一个整体”，缩短黑人住所和工作地点的距离。但是，让人们挨着彼此近距离生活、挨着彼此并不容易。收入不均和对犯罪的担忧也对种族隔离造成影响。政府努力给穷人们供应电力、水源和住房，鼓励人们待在原地不动，这也造成了种族隔离的意外结果。但是这种体制也大大改变了人们的生活。

　　The flagship project inJohannesburgis a stylish⁸ pedestrian bridge that will link Alexandra township, where Nelson Mandela once lived and where the slum-like conditions haven't changed much since, with Sandton, the city's wealthiest suburb, where a statue of Mr Mandela is dwarfed⁹ by upscale shopping malls. These two areas are close as the crow flies, but cut off from each other by the country's busiest highway. The bridge should have great practical benefits. According to a traffic study, at least 10,000 people walk between Alexandra and Sandton every day. Construction is expected to start next month.

　　约翰尼斯堡大张旗鼓的工程就像个时尚的人行天桥，链接着曼德拉曾住过的亚历山大小镇，那儿的贫民窟什么的至今并未得到改变，该城镇最富有的郊区桑顿屹立着曼德拉的雕像，但却因一座座拔地而起的购物商场而显的矮小。这两个地方像两条平行线，距离非常近，但却被中间繁忙的高速公路隔离开来。该工程应该有些实际利益。根据一项交通调查，每天至少有10000人步行在亚历山大和桑顿之间。预计下个月开始着手建设。

　　Johannesburg's “Corridors of Freedom” plan also includes a major expansion of the city's bus network and dedicated¹⁰ walking and cycling paths, linking areas slated¹¹ for “mixed-use”development. Low-income workers typically spend many hours and big chunks¹² of their salaries on transport.

　　约翰尼斯堡的“自由走廊”计划也包括扩宽城市的公交网，建设人行道和自行车道，发展“共用空间”。尤其是工作时间长的低收入人群，交通费用较大。

　　The mayor, Parks Tau, speaks of “a comprehensive transformation¹³ of our spatial destiny and a break from our apartheid past.” The city's promotional material has a more pragmatic promise: “Gone will be the days of being forced to rise at dawn to catch a train, bus or taxi to a place of work.” Some residents in neighbourhoods along the planned corridors have complained of a lack of consultation¹⁴ from the city, and are fearful that crime may worsen as the masses pass by. But these changes are long overdue¹⁵. A more efficient, people-friendlyJohannesburgwill be a far better city.

　　市长帕克斯在谈到“我们的生存空间将会全方位转型，摆脱过去的种族隔离状态。”该城市的宣传资料中有这么个务实的承诺：“压迫的日子将一去不复返了，早起赶火车、公交、出租车去工作的日子也不再有了。” “自由走廊”附近的居民都抱怨与城区缺乏沟通，每天有大量人群路过怕不安全，加大犯罪率。但其实这些担忧都是没必要的，约翰尼斯堡的人们将会过上美好的生活。

1 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

2 shacks   

n.窝棚，简陋的小屋( shack的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They live in shacks which they made out of wood. 他们住在用木头搭成的简陋的小屋里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Most people in Port au-Prince live in tin shacks. 太子港的大多数居民居住在铁皮棚里。 来自互联网

3 inevitably   

adv.不可避免地；必然发生地

参考例句：

• In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你们这样下去，毫无疑问是会散伙的。
• Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技术变革必然会导致失业。

4 physically   

adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律

参考例句：

• He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服，心绪也很乱。
• Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。

5 margins   

边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数

参考例句：

• They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
• To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙，加左或者右的margins来定义链接。

6 spatial   

adj.空间的，占据空间的

参考例句：

• This part of brain judges the spatial relationship between objects.大脑的这部分判断物体间的空间关系。
• They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。

7 embarked   

乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事

参考例句：

• We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. 我们站在突码头上目送他们登船。
• She embarked on a discourse about the town's origins. 她开始讲本市的起源。

8 stylish   

adj.流行的，时髦的；漂亮的，气派的

参考例句：

• He's a stylish dresser.他是个穿着很有格调的人。
• What stylish women are wearing in Paris will be worn by women all over the world.巴黎女性时装往往会引导世界时装潮流。

9 dwarfed   

vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks. 这些旧房子在新建的高楼大厦的映衬下显得十分矮小。
• The elephant dwarfed the tortoise. 那只乌龟跟那头象相比就显得很小。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 dedicated   

adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的

参考例句：

• He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
• His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。

11 slated   

用石板瓦盖( slate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Yuki is working up an in-home phonics program slated for Thursdays, and I'm drilling her on English conversation at dinnertime. Yuki每周四还有一次家庭语音课。我在晚餐时训练她的英语口语。
• Bromfield was slated to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. 布罗姆菲尔德被提名为美国农业部长。

12 chunks   

厚厚的一块( chunk的名词复数 )； （某物）相当大的数量或部分

参考例句：

• a tin of pineapple chunks 一罐菠萝块
• Those chunks of meat are rather large—could you chop them up a bIt'smaller? 这些肉块相当大，还能再切小一点吗？

13 transformation   

n.变化；改造；转变

参考例句：

• Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
• He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。

14 consultation   

n.咨询；商量；商议；会议

参考例句：

• The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
• The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。

15 overdue   

adj.过期的，到期未付的；早该有的，迟到的

参考例句：

• The plane is overdue and has been delayed by the bad weather.飞机晚点了，被坏天气耽搁了。
• The landlady is angry because the rent is overdue.女房东生气了，因为房租过期未付。