美国学生人类历史 第127期:穆罕默德(6)

 In less than ten years he conquered Egypt, Persia, Phoenicia, Syria and Palestine and made Damascus the capital of the first Mohammedan world empire. 在不到十年的时间里，奥玛尔率军相继征服了埃及、波斯、腓尼基、叙利亚、巴勒斯坦等地，并定都大马士革，建立起第一个伊斯兰世界帝国。

Omar was succeeded by Ali, the husband of Mohammed's daughter, Fatima, but a quarrel broke out upon a point of Moslem¹ doctrine² and Ali was murdered. 奥玛尔之后，穆罕默德的女儿法蒂玛的丈夫阿里继任哈里发。在一场关于伊斯兰教义的争吵中，阿里被谋杀。

After his death, the caliphate was made hereditary³ and the leaders of the faithful who had begun their career as the spiritual head of a religious sect⁴ became the rulers of a vast empire. 自他死后，哈里发成为世袭制度，而原先的宗教领袖们摇身成为一个庞大帝国的统治者。

They built a new city on the shores of the Euphrates, near the ruins of Babylon and called it Bagdad, 他们在幼发拉底河岸靠近巴比伦遗址的地方修建新都，将其命名为巴格达。

and organising the Arab horsemen into regiments⁵ of cavalry⁶, they set forth⁷ to bring the happiness of their Moslem faith to all unbelievers. 他们将阿拉伯牧民组织成威力无比的骑兵兵团 ，开始出发去远征，向异教世界传播穆罕默德的福音。

In the year 700 A.D. a Mohammedan general by the name of Tarik crossed the old gates of Hercules and reached the high rock on the European side which he called the Gibel-al-tarik, the Hill of Tarik or Gibraltar. 公元700年，穆斯林将军泰里克跨越赫尔克里斯门，到达欧洲海岸的陡峭岩壁。泰里克将此地命名为直布尔，也称泰里克山或直布罗陀。

Eleven years later in the battle of Xeres de la Frontera, he defeated the king of the Visigoths 在11年后的泽克勒斯战役中，泰里克击败了西哥特国王率领的军队。

and then the Moslem army moved northward⁸ and following the route of Hannibal, they crossed the passes of the Pyrenees. 之后，穆斯林骑兵继续北上，沿汉尼拔进军罗马的路线，穿越比利牛斯山的山隘。

They defeated the Duke of Aquitania, who tried to halt them near Bordeaux, and marched upon Paris. 阿奎塔尼亚大公试图在波尔多附近阻击穆斯林军队，但功败垂成。下一个目标就是巴黎，穆斯林骑兵继续向北挺进。

1 Moslem   

n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的

参考例句：

• Moslem women used to veil their faces before going into public.信回教的妇女出门之前往往用面纱把脸遮起来。
• If possible every Moslem must make the pilgrimage to Mecca once in his life.如有可能，每个回教徒一生中必须去麦加朝觐一次。

2 doctrine   

n.教义；主义；学说

参考例句：

• He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
• The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。

3 hereditary   

adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的

参考例句：

• The Queen of England is a hereditary ruler.英国女王是世袭的统治者。
• In men,hair loss is hereditary.男性脱发属于遗传。

4 sect   

n.派别，宗教，学派，派系

参考例句：

• When he was sixteen he joined a religious sect.他16岁的时候加入了一个宗教教派。
• Each religious sect in the town had its own church.该城每一个宗教教派都有自己的教堂。

5 regiments   

（军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物

参考例句：

• The three regiments are all under the command of you. 这三个团全归你节制。
• The town was garrisoned with two regiments. 该镇有两团士兵驻守。

6 cavalry   

n.骑兵；轻装甲部队

参考例句：

• We were taken in flank by a troop of cavalry. 我们翼侧受到一队骑兵的袭击。
• The enemy cavalry rode our men down. 敌人的骑兵撞倒了我们的人。

7 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

8 northward   

adv.向北；n.北方的地区

参考例句：

• He pointed his boat northward.他将船驶向北方。
• I would have a chance to head northward quickly.我就很快有机会去北方了。