美国学生人类历史 第150期:教皇与皇帝之争(6)

 The Hohenstaufen family which got hold of the Imperial German Throne shortly afterwards, were even more independent than their predecessors². 不久之后，夺取了德意志帝国皇位的霍亨施陶芬家族变得比他们的前任更为独立，更不把教皇放在眼里。

Gregory had claimed that the Popes were superior to all kings because they (the Popes) at the Day of Judgement would be responsible for the behaviour of all the sheep of their flock, 格利高里曾经宣称，教皇超越于所有世俗的君主之上，因为末日审判那一天到来时，教皇必须为他所照管的羊群里每一只羊的行为负责，

and in the eyes of God, a king was one of that faithful herd³. 而在上帝眼里，一名国王不过是这个庞大羊群的众多忠实牧羊人之一。

Frederick of Hohenstaufen, commonly known as Barbarossa or Red Beard, set up the counter-claim that the Empire had been bestowed⁴ upon his predecessor¹ "by God himself" 霍亨施陶芬家族的弗里德里希，通常被人称为红胡子巴巴罗萨，他提出了一个理论来反对教皇的理论。他宣称，神圣罗马帝国是经"上帝本人的恩许"，赋予他的先祖掌管的。

and as the Empire included Italy and Rome, he began a campaign which was to add these "lost provinces" to the northern country. 既然帝国的疆域包括意大利和罗马，他要发动一场正义的战争，以收复这些"失去的行省"。

Barbarossa was accidentally drowned in Asia Minor⁵ during the second Crusade, 不过在参加第二次十字军东征时，弗里德里希在小亚细亚意外溺死。

but his son Frederick II, a brilliant young man who in his youth had been exposed to the civilisation⁶ of the Mohammedans of Sicily, continued the war. 继承王位的是他的儿子弗里德里希二世。这位年轻人精明强干，风度依然，很小的时候便受过西西里岛穆斯林文明的陶冶。他继续与教皇作对。

The Popes accused him of heresy⁷. 教皇指控弗里德里希二世犯下了异端邪说罪。

It is true that Frederick seems to have felt a deep and serious contempt for the rough Christian⁸ world of the North, for the boorish⁹ German Knights¹⁰ and the intriguing¹¹ Italian priests. 说实话，弗里德里希倒是真的对北方基督教界的粗犷作风、德国骑士的平庸愚笨以及意大利教士之阴险狡诈，怀有深刻而认真的蔑视。

But he held his tongue, went on a Crusade and took Jerusalem from the infidel and was duly crowned as King of the Holy City. 不过他保持沉默，投人十字军作战，从异教徒手里夺回了耶路撒冷，并因此被封为圣城之王，

Even this act did not placate¹² the Popes. 即便立下如此辉煌的护教功勋，也没能安慰心情恶劣的教皇们。

They deposed¹³ Frederick and gave his Italian possessions to Charles of Anjou, the brother of that King Louis of Francewho became famous as Saint Louis. 他们把弗里德里希逐出教会，将他的意大利属地授予安如的查理，即著名的法王圣路易的兄弟。

1 predecessor   

n.前辈，前任

参考例句：

• It will share the fate of its predecessor.它将遭受与前者同样的命运。
• The new ambassador is more mature than his predecessor.新大使比他的前任更成熟一些。

2 predecessors   

n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身

参考例句：

• The new government set about dismantling their predecessors' legislation. 新政府正着手废除其前任所制定的法律。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Will new plan be any more acceptable than its predecessors? 新计划比原先的计划更能令人满意吗？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 herd   

n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd.他从无主见，只是人云亦云。

4 bestowed   

赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• It was a title bestowed upon him by the king. 那是国王赐给他的头衔。
• He considered himself unworthy of the honour they had bestowed on him. 他认为自己不配得到大家赋予他的荣誉。

5 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

6 civilisation   

n.文明，文化，开化，教化

参考例句：

• Energy and ideas are the twin bases of our civilisation.能源和思想是我们文明的两大基石。
• This opera is one of the cultural totems of Western civilisation.这部歌剧是西方文明的文化标志物之一。

7 heresy   

n.异端邪说；异教

参考例句：

• We should denounce a heresy.我们应该公开指责异端邪说。
• It might be considered heresy to suggest such a notion.提出这样一个观点可能会被视为异端邪说。

8 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

9 boorish   

adj.粗野的，乡巴佬的

参考例句：

• His manner seemed rather boorish.他的举止看上去很俗气。
• He disgusted many with his boorish behaviour.他的粗野行为让很多人都讨厌他。

10 knights   

骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马

参考例句：

• stories of knights and fair maidens 关于骑士和美女的故事
• He wove a fascinating tale of knights in shining armour. 他编了一个穿着明亮盔甲的骑士的迷人故事。

11 intriguing   

adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起…的好奇心

参考例句：

• These discoveries raise intriguing questions. 这些发现带来了非常有趣的问题。
• It all sounds very intriguing. 这些听起来都很有趣。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 placate   

v.抚慰，平息(愤怒)

参考例句：

• He never attempts to placate his enemy.他从不企图与敌人和解。
• Even a written apology failed to placate the indignant hostess.甚至一纸书面道歉都没能安抚这个怒气冲冲的女主人。

13 deposed   

v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证

参考例句：

• The president was deposed in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被废黜。
• The head of state was deposed by the army. 国家元首被军队罢免了。 来自《简明英汉词典》