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PBS高端访谈:发展中国家香烟消费暴增

时间:2015-07-16 02:12来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   JEFFREY BROWN:Even as smoking declines in the U.S. and other countries, a new study published in the British medical journal "The Lancet" reveals that the use of tobacco in developing countries is booming.

  The report titled "The Global Adult Tobacco Survey" looked at tobacco users in 14 developing nations and included data from the U.S. and the U.K. for comparison. It found that about half the men across the low- and middle-income nations use tobacco, mostly smoke products. The number was much smaller for women, 11 percent. But the survey found that women are starting at younger ages than in the past.
  Russia had the highest rates—60 percent of men and 22 percent of women used tobacco in some form. And China had the largest number of users, some 300 million.
  In the meantime, health advocates in Australia, which wasn't included in the new study, scored a victory last week in their fight against tobacco use. The nation's high court upheld a new law requiring that cigarette boxes feature vivid images and warnings on them without company logos.
  The World Health Organization says that if current trends continue, the global death toll1 from tobacco will reach eight million a year by 2030.
  And we're joined now by Gary Giovino, the lead epidemiologist on the new study. He's the chair of the Department of Community Health and Health Behavior at the University at Buffalo2 in New York.
  Welcome to you.
  Let me just ask you first, what was the most important thing that came from this study for you?
  GARY GIOVINO: State University of New York at Buffalo:Well, the magnitude of tobacco use in the different countries, the fact that we saw some different patterns, that smoking, for example, is very high among men and women in Russia, especially young men and women. In Russia, Turkey and Ukraine, it was very high.
  Another very important finding was the dominance of the manufactured cigarette.
  A lot of people think cigarettes are just tobacco chopped up and wrapped in paper. But the manufactured cigarette is a technologically3 sophisticated device designed to mask harshness and inject flavors and increase nicotine4.
  So, and these are made by multinational5 tobacco corporations or government corporations that promote their use and work to undermine efforts to reduce their use.
  JEFFREY BROWN:One thing that jumped out at me was the low number of people who quit smoking once they have started, especially as compared to in the U.S., for example. What does that tell you? Why is that happening?
  GARY GIOVINO:Well, I think we have some cultures, particularly, for example, in China and India, where quitting isn't emphasized.
  Only 10 percent of people in China and India who have ever smoked daily have quit. That compares to about 45 percent when we look at age-standardized data in the United States and the United Kingdom, where tobacco control efforts, where efforts to educate people about tobacco use and encourage quitting and prevent initiation6, have been going on for a long time.
  And it's also much lower, for example, than 35 percent around in Brazil and Uruguay, where they have been doing tobacco control for a while. So, I hope that China and India, the governments will look at that and try to improve their efforts to promote quitting among people who have become addicted7 and daily smokers8.
  JEFFREY BROWN:Well, why do you think the rise is happening and these kinds of disparities is happening when you—particularly as the numbers go down in the U.S. and other countries?
  GARY GIOVINO:Well, many of the same things that we saw happening in America, with tobacco being glamorized, with tobacco being made—with marketing9 being directed towards women that make it look glamorous10, that make it look like a—something that's associated with gender11 equality and freedom.
  Those kinds of things are happening. And we're seeing the age of initiation going down in many of our low- and middle-income countries.
  And, of course, we have social norms that support tobacco. In many of these countries, for example, they haven't given smoke-free the privilege, the right. They haven't given smoke-free the default option, where many people are still bathed in tobacco smoke.
  So, smoking is the norm, instead of non-smoking being the norm, in many countries where quitting hasn't become normative.
  In Brazil and Uruguay, tobacco control has been going strongly, and they have very strong smoke-free provisions.
  JEFFREY BROWN:We mentioned in our set-up what's going on in Australia, what they're preparing to do with the labels. Is something like that possible or do-able in some of these countries? What do we know that does work?
  GARY GIOVINO:Well, plain packaging is theoretically possible in any country.
  That will be challenged in court, but the Australian highest court upheld the legal challenge. And it really doesn't cost governments much money to—I mean, except to defend the lawsuits—to mandate12 plain packaging and to mandate very strong warning labels.
  Very strong warning labels inform smokers better than weaker warning labels, so graphic13 warning labels that give a strong message about the health effects of tobacco.
  The other things that work are protecting non-smokers, of course, offering people help with quitting, hard-hitting mass media campaigns, and enforcing advertising14 bans or restrictions15.
  In many countries, they can actually ban advertising. And they do. In our country, we can only restrict it. And then also raising taxes—when the price goes up, consumption goes down. But then, in many countries, they use some of the money that they get from raising taxes to fund media campaigns, for example, and other tobacco-control strategies.
  JEFFREY BROWN:Gary Giovino, thanks so much for joining us.
  GARY GIOVINO:My pleasure. Thank you.

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 toll LJpzo     
n.过路(桥)费;损失,伤亡人数;v.敲(钟)
参考例句:
  • The hailstone took a heavy toll of the crops in our village last night.昨晚那场冰雹损坏了我们村的庄稼。
  • The war took a heavy toll of human life.这次战争夺去了许多人的生命。
2 buffalo 1Sby4     
n.(北美)野牛;(亚洲)水牛
参考例句:
  • Asian buffalo isn't as wild as that of America's. 亚洲水牛比美洲水牛温顺些。
  • The boots are made of buffalo hide. 这双靴子是由水牛皮制成的。
3 technologically WqpwY     
ad.技术上地
参考例句:
  • Shanghai is a technologically advanced city. 上海是中国的一个技术先进的城市。
  • Many senior managers are technologically illiterate. 许多高级经理都对技术知之甚少。
4 nicotine QGoxJ     
n.(化)尼古丁,烟碱
参考例句:
  • Many smokers who are chemically addicted to nicotine cannot cut down easily.许多有尼古丁瘾的抽烟人不容易把烟戒掉。
  • Many smokers who are chemically addicted to nicotine cannot cut down easily.许多有尼古丁瘾的抽烟人不容易把烟戒掉。
5 multinational FnrzdL     
adj.多国的,多种国籍的;n.多国籍公司,跨国公司
参考例句:
  • The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.这家公司被一个跨国咨询公司收购。
  • He analyzed the relationship between multinational corporations and under-developed countries.他分析了跨国公司和不发达国家之间的关系。
6 initiation oqSzAI     
n.开始
参考例句:
  • her initiation into the world of marketing 她的初次涉足营销界
  • It was my initiation into the world of high fashion. 这是我初次涉足高级时装界。
7 addicted dzizmY     
adj.沉溺于....的,对...上瘾的
参考例句:
  • He was addicted to heroin at the age of 17.他17岁的时候对海洛因上了瘾。
  • She's become addicted to love stories.她迷上了爱情小说。
8 smokers d3e72c6ca3bac844ba5aa381bd66edba     
吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Many smokers who are chemically addicted to nicotine cannot cut down easily. 许多有尼古丁瘾的抽烟人不容易把烟戒掉。
  • Chain smokers don't care about the dangers of smoking. 烟鬼似乎不在乎吸烟带来的种种危害。
9 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
10 glamorous ezZyZ     
adj.富有魅力的;美丽动人的;令人向往的
参考例句:
  • The south coast is less glamorous but full of clean and attractive hotels.南海岸魅力稍逊,但却有很多干净漂亮的宾馆。
  • It is hard work and not a glamorous job as portrayed by the media.这是份苦差,并非像媒体描绘的那般令人向往。
11 gender slSyD     
n.(生理上的)性,(名词、代词等的)性
参考例句:
  • French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语,所有的名词都有性。
  • Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。
12 mandate sj9yz     
n.托管地;命令,指示
参考例句:
  • The President had a clear mandate to end the war.总统得到明确的授权结束那场战争。
  • The General Election gave him no such mandate.大选并未授予他这种权力。
13 graphic Aedz7     
adj.生动的,形象的,绘画的,文字的,图表的
参考例句:
  • The book gave a graphic description of the war.这本书生动地描述了战争的情况。
  • Distinguish important text items in lists with graphic icons.用图标来区分重要的文本项。
14 advertising 1zjzi3     
n.广告业;广告活动 a.广告的;广告业务的
参考例句:
  • Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
  • The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。
15 restrictions 81e12dac658cfd4c590486dd6f7523cf     
约束( restriction的名词复数 ); 管制; 制约因素; 带限制性的条件(或规则)
参考例句:
  • I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
  • a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制
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