PBS高端访谈:为什么提供援助会陷入危险

 　　RAY SUAREZ:For more on all of this, we are joined by Joel Charny, vice¹ president for humanitarian² policy and practice at InterAction, an alliance of U.S.-based relief and development organizations.

　　And, Joel, let's stipulate³ from the get-go that anybody who continues to give out doses after these killings⁵ is just tremendously brave.

　　JOEL CHARNY, Humanitarian Policy and Practice, InterAction: Exactly.

　　RAY SUAREZ:But does this have the potential for curtailing⁷ or stopping a program that had a disease on the run?

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　　JOEL CHARNY:Well, I think absolutely.

　　I mean, the—you heard that eloquent⁸ woman leader basically saying, we're risking our lives for this. This is something that's for the future of our children.

　　But at some point, they will be unable to continue if the violence and the violent threats force them to -- both them and the health organizations that are working on this to curtail⁶ the programs.

　　RAY SUAREZ:The vaccination⁹ program in Pakistan already was under suspicion by the Taliban. But did the United States complicate¹⁰ things in Pakistan, and how?

　　JOEL CHARNY:We didn't help, because I think, as many Americans know, as part of the operation to identify Osama bin¹¹ Laden's whereabouts, the CIA put together what you would have to call a bogus vaccination campaign to try and identify bin Laden's whereabouts.

　　This became widely known. The doctor who was a part of it ended up being sentenced to 30 years in jail. But there you have the manipulation of a pure humanitarian program for political and counterterror ends. And this was very controversial across all of Pakistani society, but especially strikes at the militants¹³ in a sense, well, here is another example of how these sort of Western programs are striking at our interests. And it undermines the credibility of what should be a basic health intervention¹⁴.

　　RAY SUAREZ:And complicated the plea from any subsequent NGO that they're neutral, that they're not affiliated¹⁵ with a government?

　　JOEL CHARNY:Well, exactly.

　　Anything, any attempt to make that case, there's going to be a bit of suspicion on the part at least of the militant¹² groups. I think there's a commitment from the Pakistani government to make these programs work up to the highest level. But in these deep rural areas where people are so far away from the center, and there's such a low level of education and so on, the ability—I mean, we handed a propaganda tool to groups that want to undermine these programs.

　　RAY SUAREZ:Apart from this, looking across the world, where these programs are going on, are attacks against aid workers rising? Is this work getting more dangerous to do?

　　JOEL CHARNY:It is.

　　There's a new report out just this week saying, in 2011, security incidents, both killing⁴ and wounded, amounted to 305 in 2011. Now, that doesn't sound like a huge number, but I have been in this work long enough to remember when that number would have been less than 20 or less than 10.

　　There's an erosion of our ability as a humanitarian community to work safely. And we have to examine -- we can't hunker down and end the work, but we have to find ways to continue to be effective, but in the safest way that we possibly can.

　　RAY SUAREZ:In the safest way you can.

　　If you lay on more security, does that make it more difficult to be with the people you're trying to help?

　　JOEL CHARNY:Well, yes. And the whole point of what we try to do precisely¹⁶ is to be with the people, both for kind of solidarity¹⁷ and empathy, but also to be more effective, so that we can see the impact, so that we can be side by side with people.

　　And, you know, the jargon¹⁸ term now is bunkerization. We don't want to be behind a bunker. If we're behind a bunker, we're not effective. But at the same time, at what point do you ask people to die for the sake of a program or risk their lives for a program?

　　And the analysis now is, basically, if you're doing something that's lifesaving, it's worth taking more of a risk than if you're doing an ongoing¹⁹ program that may be able to manage itself or wouldn't hurt people so much if it were suspended.

　　But, I mean, this whole idea of how fundamentally important is this program to the lives of people is a question that we have to ask ourselves.

　　RAY SUAREZ:The state-of-the-art, I'm told by many in this community, is to use locals as much as possible. They are able to approach the people who they live among more easily. Yet, they may also understand the risks and be more reluctant to be parts of these programs, too.

　　JOEL CHARNY:Well, they are more—they are more vulnerable.

　　I mean, when I give that figure of 305 casualties in 2011, the majority of those were among local staff, local people, local workers. So, it's, in fact, not a solution to say, well, we're going to have the expatriates out in some safe place and we're going to have the local people taking the risk.

　　They're willing to take the risk, just as we may be, but they're equally subject. In other words, the fact that they're from the community doesn't necessarily make them safer.

　　RAY SUAREZ:Does this send a chill, this incident in Pakistan, through a much wider set of relationships?

　　JOEL CHARNY:I think so, absolutely.

　　And it just—there's just a—it is just fundamentally wrong to see a 17-year-old woman or a 20-year-old woman or a 30-year-old woman be killed for vaccinating²⁰ a child. I mean, I find that very chilling. And it's not that, OK, so now we're going to just hang it up everywhere, but the idea that this can happen in a country like Pakistan is very disturbing.

　　RAY SUAREZ:Joel Charny, thanks for joining us.

　　JOEL CHARNY:Thank you.

1 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

2 humanitarian   

n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者

参考例句：

• She has many humanitarian interests and contributes a lot to them.她拥有很多慈善事业，并作了很大的贡献。
• The British government has now suspended humanitarian aid to the area.英国政府现已暂停对这一地区的人道主义援助。

3 stipulate   

vt.规定，（作为条件）讲定，保证

参考例句：

• International rules stipulate the number of foreign entrants.国际规则规定了外国参赛者的人数。
• Some manufacturers stipulate the price at which their goods are to be sold.有些制造商规定出售他们生产的商品的价格。

4 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

5 killings   

谋杀( killing的名词复数 )； 突然发大财，暴发

参考例句：

• His statement was seen as an allusion to the recent drug-related killings. 他的声明被视为暗指最近与毒品有关的多起凶杀案。
• The government issued a statement condemning the killings. 政府发表声明谴责这些凶杀事件。

6 curtail   

vt.截短，缩短；削减

参考例句：

• The government hopes to curtail public spending.政府希望缩减公共事业开支。
• The minister had to curtail his visit.部长不得不缩短访问日期。

7 curtailing   

v.截断，缩短( curtail的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• They will be curtailing the discussions at two thirty. 他们将把讨论缩短至两点半。 来自互联网
• Individually, banks are acting rationally by retaining their capital and curtailing lending. 此外，银行们正在合理地保留其资本和减少贷款。 来自互联网

8 eloquent   

adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的

参考例句：

• He was so eloquent that he cut down the finest orator.他能言善辩，胜过最好的演说家。
• These ruins are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of war.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争的恐怖。

9 vaccination   

n.接种疫苗，种痘

参考例句：

• Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
• Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。

10 complicate   

vt.使复杂化，使混乱，使难懂

参考例句：

• There is no need to complicate matters.没有必要使问题复杂化。
• These events will greatly complicate the situation.这些事件将使局势变得极其复杂。

11 bin   

n.箱柜；vt.放入箱内；[计算机] DOS文件名:二进制目标文件

参考例句：

• He emptied several bags of rice into a bin.他把几袋米倒进大箱里。
• He threw the empty bottles in the bin.他把空瓶子扔进垃圾箱。

12 militant   

adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
• He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。

13 militants   

激进分子，好斗分子( militant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The militants have been sporadically fighting the government for years. 几年来，反叛分子一直对政府实施零星的战斗。
• Despite the onslaught, Palestinian militants managed to fire off rockets. 尽管如此，巴勒斯坦的激进分子仍然发射导弹。

14 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

15 affiliated   

adj. 附属的, 有关连的

参考例句：

• The hospital is affiliated with the local university. 这家医院附属于当地大学。
• All affiliated members can vote. 所有隶属成员都有投票权。

16 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

17 solidarity   

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

• They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。
• The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

18 jargon   

n.术语，行话

参考例句：

• They will not hear critics with their horrible jargon.他们不愿意听到评论家们那些可怕的行话。
• It is important not to be overawed by the mathematical jargon.要紧的是不要被数学的术语所吓倒.

19 ongoing   

adj.进行中的，前进的

参考例句：

• The problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
• The issues raised in the report relate directly to Age Concern's ongoing work in this area.报告中提出的问题与“关心老人”组织在这方面正在做的工作有直接的关系。

20 vaccinating   

给…接种疫苗( vaccinate的现在分词 )； 注射疫苗，接种疫苗

参考例句：

• At first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. 乍一看来，为狼群注射防狂犬病疫苗是一种简单的办法。
• Also vaccinating children against misers (measles) has saved many lives. 还有，给儿童进行疫苗接种防止麻疹也挽救了许多生命。