PBS高端访谈:儿童肥胖已经得到控制,但种族间的差异仍然存在

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Childhood obesity¹ remains² one of the largest public health problems in the United States. There have been a number of major campaigns to combat it. And, today, those efforts got a big boost.

　　Here's Jeffrey Brown.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: There has been no shortage of initiatives in recent years to try to curb³ the problem, and last year the government reported some progress in that fight. The rate of obesity among children 2 to 5 years old has dropped from about 14 percent in 2004 to 8 percent in 2012.

　　The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has been a key player in all of this, committing half-a-billion dollars since 2007. And today it pledged another $500 million over next 10 years. Its president, Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, made the announcement at an event with the first lady in New York today.

　　She joins me now.

　　And, for the record, the foundation has been a funder of the NewsHour in the past.

　　So, welcome to you.

　　And, as a starting point, there really has been progress, right? So, why the renewed effort?

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY, President and CEO, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: There has been progress, indeed. You quoted some important statistics, a leveling off after 30 years of relentless⁴ rise in childhood obesity rates, and actual decrease among our youngest children.

　　But these gains are fragile. They are not evenly distributed. We see more gains in white children and in children from higher incomes. So, frankly⁵, we have got to renew our efforts and increase the momentum⁶, spread these successes, so that all children have the opportunity to grow up at a healthy weight.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: Well, so you look — when you look at how to spend money in the future, what's worked? What do we know so far about what works?

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: Well, we know that one of the most important things is that we have shown people can come together and work on this issue across communities.

　　And so we're really going to focus on five areas, five very strategic areas that we think will make a difference, first, ensuring that children have a healthy weight when they start school. We know that if children start kindergarten at a healthy weight, they have a higher probability of maintaining that weight throughout their childhood, adolescence⁷ and into adulthood⁸.

　　We need to make sure that healthy schools are the norm, not the exception. Kids spend more time at school than any place else other than home. And we have seen more than 27,000 schools across the country really become healthy places.

　　Third, we have to make sure that kids are physically⁹ active, they get up and moving, and we make physical activity fun, convenient, and they have safe places where they can be physically active. We have to make sure that parents have availability of healthy foods in their communities, so that they can prepare and hopefully prepare with their children healthy meals.

　　And, finally and not least, by any means, we need to make sure that we eliminate sugar-sweetened beverages¹¹ for children zero to 5 years old. Toddlers and young children simply have more healthy options to drink than sugar-sweetened beverages. So we want to engage children and youth and parents and the health care community in working on these five big strategies, because we think that will make a difference.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: Well, but where are you seeing it not working and why not? I mean, what are the biggest barriers to achieving those five things?

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: One of the key things that we have seen is that communities that are challenged economically are having more difficulty investing in these kinds of strategies.

　　So, we want to redouble our efforts to make sure that all communities, irrespective of their economic means, are able to invest in these kinds of strategies and help their children have the choices that will allow them to have a healthy weight.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: We do see disparities in some of the numbers, even in some of the gains, right, among some communities, African-American, Latino?

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: We have seen much more progress among white children and children of higher incomes.

　　But then there are cities like Philadelphia that have been able to demonstrate across-the-board reductions in obesity rates among all children of all racial and ethnic¹² groups. So we know it can be done if people come together and employ a comprehensive approach like those five strategies that I mentioned.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And does any of this include changing, working to change laws? I ask because some of the attempts at mandating¹³ some changes, especially when it comes to sugary drinks you were mentioning, some of those seem to have backfired.

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: Well, we know that there are places, like Berkeley, that have enacted¹⁴ sugar-sweetened beverage¹⁰ taxes.

　　And one of the things we're committed to doing is evaluating those kinds of changes, so that we will know what really works going forward. We already know that there are a variety of ways that we can use to change behaviors and give people more opportunities to choose healthy choices, like some of the efforts that have been used in Philadelphia, investing in more walking and bikeable approaches, ensuring that there are healthy foods in every community, in the corner stores, as well as the grocery stores, eliminating food deserts.

　　We know these things work. And now we have to evaluate some of the other possibilities that are being enacted around the country.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And just very briefly¹⁵, in a word, what's the ultimate goal in 10 years?

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: The ultimate goal in 2025 is to ensure that every child in this country has had the opportunity to grow up at a healthy weight, no matter where he or she lives and who they are.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: All right, Risa Lavizzo-Mourey of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, thanks so much.

　　RISA LAVIZZO-MOUREY: Thank you, Jeffrey. It's a pleasure to be here.

1 obesity   

n.肥胖，肥大

参考例句：

• One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
• Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。

2 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

3 curb   

n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制

参考例句：

• I could not curb my anger.我按捺不住我的愤怒。
• You must curb your daughter when you are in church.你在教堂时必须管住你的女儿。

4 relentless   

adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的

参考例句：

• The traffic noise is relentless.交通车辆的噪音一刻也不停止。
• Their training has to be relentless.他们的训练必须是无情的。

5 frankly   

adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说

参考例句：

• To speak frankly, I don't like the idea at all.老实说，我一点也不赞成这个主意。
• Frankly speaking, I'm not opposed to reform.坦率地说，我不反对改革。

6 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

7 adolescence   

n.青春期，青少年

参考例句：

• Adolescence is the process of going from childhood to maturity.青春期是从少年到成年的过渡期。
• The film is about the trials and tribulations of adolescence.这部电影讲述了青春期的麻烦和苦恼。

8 adulthood   

n.成年，成人期

参考例句：

• Some infantile actions survive into adulthood.某些婴儿期的行为一直保持到成年期。
• Few people nowadays are able to maintain friendships into adulthood.如今很少有人能将友谊维持到成年。

9 physically   

adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律

参考例句：

• He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服，心绪也很乱。
• Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。

10 beverage   

n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料

参考例句：

• The beverage is often colored with caramel.这种饮料常用焦糖染色。
• Beer is a beverage of the remotest time.啤酒是一种最古老的饮料。

11 beverages   

n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 控制酒类销售的法规
• regulations governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 含酒精饮料的销售管理条例

12 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

13 mandating   

托管（mandate的现在分词形式）

参考例句：

• Current requirements mandating that committees keep minutes are too general. 目前对委员会要保持详细记录的指令性要求，还是太过一般化了。
• Mandating that workers who quit without permission forfeit a month's wages. 规定工人私自离岗将受到罚没一个月工资的处罚。

14 enacted   

制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
• Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

15 briefly   

adv.简单地，简短地

参考例句：

• I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
• He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。