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Stockbrokers¹ are some of the highest paid sales workers in the country. But they also have one of the largest gender³ pay gaps in sales jobs—data from the mid⁴ ‘90s show that women made 20 percent less than men.

But stockbrokers are usually paid through commissions—which should reduce gender inequality, as income would be based solely⁵ on ability. Unless women aren’t as good at the job, or clients simply made fewer purchases from women brokers².

Or can management still play a role in women making less?

University of Pennsylvania sociologist⁶ Janice Fadding Madden reviewed info from two major brokerage houses available via class action lawsuits⁷. The data included stockbrokers’ records of asset values and trades from 1994 through ‘96.

Madden found that there were no sales differences by gender for accounts with prior sales histories. But the referrals that women got from management had lower asset values and historic commissions. So the managers effectively gave them lower-paying accounts. The research is in the journal Gender and Society.

The study shows that manager bias⁸ can affect whether women make as much as men—even when the manager isn’t the one paying.

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1 stockbrokers
n.股票经纪人( stockbroker的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Stockbrokers never more than now lack enthusiasm for the small client. 证券经济人在面对那些小客户时从未像现在这样缺乏激情。来自互联网 Today, I have expensive attorneys, accountants, real estate brokers and stockbrokers. 今天，我雇有身价昂贵的律师、会计师、房地产经纪人以及股票经纪人。来自互联网

2 brokers
n.（股票、外币等）经纪人( broker的名词复数 )；中间人；代理商；（订合同的）中人v.做掮客（或中人等）( broker的第三人称单数 )；作为权力经纪人进行谈判；以中间人等身份安排…
参考例句：
The firm in question was Alsbery & Co., whiskey brokers. 那家公司叫阿尔斯伯里公司，经销威士忌。来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹 From time to time a telephone would ring in the brokers' offices. 那两排经纪人房间里不时响着叮令的电话。来自子夜部分

3 gender
n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性
参考例句：
French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。 Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

4 mid
adj.中央的，中间的
参考例句：
Our mid-term exam is pending.我们就要期中考试了。 He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年转入教学工作。

5 solely
adv.仅仅，唯一地
参考例句：
Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。 The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。

6 sociologist
n.研究社会学的人，社会学家
参考例句：
His mother was a sociologist,researching socialism.他的母亲是个社会学家，研究社会主义。 Max Weber is a great and outstanding sociologist.马克斯·韦伯是一位伟大的、杰出的社会学家。

7 lawsuits
n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Lawsuits involving property rights and farming and grazing rights increased markedly. 涉及财产权，耕作与放牧权的诉讼案件显著地增加。来自辞典例句 I've lost and won more lawsuits than any man in England. 全英国的人算我官司打得最多，赢的也多，输的也多。来自辞典例句

8 bias
n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见
参考例句：
They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。 He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。