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芬兰学校将不再开设写字课

时间:2015-07-29 05:09来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   Handwriting is dead, long live keyboard skills!

  书写已逝,键盘技能万岁!
  So says the Finnish education system. From 2016 handwriting will no longer be taught in Finnish schools. And when a high-performing country like Finland makes an educational move, the rest of us who are slipping down the international ladder of academic performance should at least consider whether there would be any benefit in following in their footsteps.
  这是芬兰教育制度所传达的信息。从2016年开始,芬兰学校的写字课将不复存在。当像芬兰这样一个教育如此发达的国家有此行动时,其他在学术表现逊色的国家至少应该想想效仿芬兰是否能带来益处。
  Should we ditch handwriting lessons too?
  我们是不是也应该废除写字课?
  Does handwriting matter?
  书写重要吗?
  Most would agree that everyone should at least be able to pick up a pen or pencil and craft a message that others can read. But beyond legibility, does it matter how you form your letters when you hand write?
  很多人都同意每个人至少应能拿起笔写出清晰可辨的信息。但是除了可读性之外,书写的方式真的重要吗?
  芬兰学校将不再开设写字课
  There is research linking fluent handwriting with better written compositions. But the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity of the handwriting. That is, the less you have to concentrate on getting your letters right, the more brain space you can devote to getting your message right. So, your handwriting just needs to feel natural for you.
  有研究表明流畅的书写与更好的文笔具有相关性。但关键不在于书写的质量、形式或风格,而在于书写的自动化程度。也就是说,你在写好字上花的精力越少,你构思文章的精力就越多。因此,你的书写只需自然流畅即可。
  Typing versus1 handwriting
  打字vs手写
  Writing automaticity is just as easily achieved on a keyboard. It is actually more time efficient to teach a child to type than it is to teach them a particular handwriting style. By the time they are eight years old, they can already type faster than they can handwrite.
  写字的自动化程度很容易通过键盘来实现。实际上,教一个孩子打字比教他们一种特定的字体有效率多了。等到他们八岁的时候,他们打字速度已经比手写要快了。
  In 2016, the national standardized2 literacy and numeracy tests, NAPLAN, will be completed online. We can assume this means students will type their compositions rather than handwrite them. And perhaps the nation’s writing scores will improve as a result. Typed written assessments3 typically score more highly than handwritten compositions. Assessors rate them as better organized, and, quite simply, easier to read.
  2016年,芬兰国家标准化识读与运算测试(NAPLAN)将采用机试。我们可以认为,这意味着考生们会用键盘打字而非手写,而且全国整体的写作分数也可能会有所提高。一般来说,打出来的文章比手写的文章得分更高。阅卷者会认为打出来的文章构思更好,当然,也更易读。
  Should we bother teaching handwriting?
  我们应该把精力花在教学生写字上吗?
  As prevalent as keyboards are, handwriting isn’t obsolete4 quite yet, so it remains5 important to teach letter formation to young children.
  虽然键盘大行其道,但是手写至今也还未过时,所以将字母编排教给幼儿依然重要。
  The letters of the alphabet are complex abstract symbols and children can’t begin to write their letters until they can draw a circle. If they can’t draw a circle then they can’t form letters like a, b, d, o, p, q.
  字母表中的字母是复杂而抽象的符号,只有等孩子们可以画圆圈时,他们才可以开始书写字母。如果他们不会画圈,那么他们便写不出a、b、d、o、p、q这些字母来。
  This ability to draw an enclosed shape is a very important marker of both cognitive6 and physical development, and it is a skill that emerges from their scribbles7. So drawing, scribbling8 and playing with crayons and pencils are an important part of learning to hand write.
  画封闭图形的能力是认知和身体发展的重要标志,这项技能从涂鸦开始形成。所以画画、涂鸦和摆弄蜡笔与铅笔是学习写字的重要部分。
  An old-fashioned anachronism?
  手写过时了?
  The history of handwriting has always been one of convenience and change according to the writing technologies available.
  方便省事和根据已有书写技术产生的演变共同谱写出了手写体的发展史。
  In our first alphabets, Phoenician, Greek and Roman, the letters were angular due to the writing technologies of the day - chisels9, granite10, marble and clay. The first writing was from right to left across the page – a more natural direction for the chiseller11.
  在最早的字母表——腓尼基、希腊和罗马字母表中,由于当时的手写技术为錾子、花岗岩、大理石和粘土,字母呈一定的角度。最初人们写字的方向是从右到左的,对凿工来说,这一顺序来得更自然。
  But when ink and paper came along, moving from right to left was too messy for right handed writers and the direction of our writing changed from left to right. (To the chagrin12 of all left handers, until the invention of the fast drying ballpoint pen!)
  人类发明了纸和墨之后,对习惯于用右手写字的人来说从右到左写字太麻烦了,于是书写的方向就变成了从左到右(但这也让左撇子们恼怒不已,这种情况直到人类发明了速干圆珠笔之后才得以改变。)
  It wasn’t just directionality that changed as we made the shift from stone to paper. Pen and ink made it easier to produce curves rather than angles, and the shape of our letters changed accordingly.
  在我们的书写载体从石头到纸张演变的过程中,改变的不仅仅是书写的方向。笔墨让画弧线变得比画角度容易,字母的形状也由此改变。
  The technology of the fountain pen meant directionality of strokes became important. Down strokes were important because the shape of the nib13 and flow of the ink didn’t easily allow for upstrokes.
  钢笔的发明让笔画的方向性变得重要起来。要知道钢笔尖和墨水的流动是不利于写向上的笔画的,因此向下的笔画很重要。
  The invention of the ballpoint pen meant we no longer relied on ink refills, and nib shapes. Felt tip pens meant that even gravity no longer played a role in the way we write. Yet children still complete pages of handwriting exercises based on the technology of the fountain pen and ink.
  圆珠笔的发明意味着我们不再需要勤换墨水,不再受笔尖形状的限制。签字笔意味着甚至连重力都不再影响我们书写的方式。然而,小孩子仍然需要用钢笔来完成一页又一页的书写练习。
  Handwriting vs writing
  手写vs写作
  Handwriting is often wrongly conflated with writing ability. You only need to glance at the handwritten manuscripts of our greatest writers to know there isn’t a link between handwriting skills and literacy skills.
  人们往往错误地把书写能力和写作能力混同起来。你只要看看我们那些伟大作家的字迹,便可知道书写技能与写作水平无关。
  I remember my son’s Year 2 teacher was very worried about his handwriting. Apparently14 he started his letters at the bottom, using upstrokes instead of downstrokes. His teacher was concerned it may hamper15 his literacy development in some way, and that I should “train” him out of it.
  我记得我儿子读二年级的时候老师十分担心他的书写。很显然,他写字都是从底部开始,用向上的笔画而非向下的笔画。老师担心这可能在某种程度上阻碍他写作能力的发展,而认为我应该多教孩子写字。
  There may have been a few reasons why he wrote his letters this way. The first language he learned to write was Greek, which has a different alphabet. He is also a left-hander and they often do things a little differently as they try to reconcile their way of seeing the world with that of their right handed teachers. Or maybe it was just his style; natural and automatic to him.
  他这样写字可能有以下几点原因。他最早学习的语言是希腊语,而希腊语有着一套不同的字母体系。他也是个左撇子,这使得他在协调自己看待世界的方式与习惯于用右手写字的老师看待世界的方式的时候,写字的上下顺序有所不同。或许他的书写风格就是这样,他写起来流畅自然。
  It was not, however, an indication of a literacy difficulty.
  然而,这并不表明他的写作能力低下。
  Perhaps there are more important things to do
  也许我们还有一些更重要的事情要做
  With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why dedicated16 handwriting lessons persist.
  学校的一天当中有那么多事情要做,很难说专门的写字课为什么要保留。
  No matter how standardized we attempt to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. So perhaps there are better things to do in the school day than have children complete pages of handwriting exercises. Perhaps we’d do just as well to let children play with drawing and writing implements17 and find their own style.
  不管我们试图让自己的书写变得多么标准,我们最后总会以自己的风格去写字。所以,比起让孩子们完成数页的写字练习,在学校可能还有更重要的事情值得去做。也许,我们只需要让孩子们学会使用写字画画的工具,从而发现自己的风格。
  Vocabulary
  legibility: 易读性
  standardized: 标准化的
  alphabet: 字母表
  cognitive: 认知的
  scribble: 涂鸦
  chisel: 凿子
  granite: 花岗岩
  marble: 大理石
  clay: 粘土
  messy: 散乱的
  directionality: 方向性
  manuscript: 手稿
  conflate: 合并
  literacy: 读写能力

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 versus wi7wU     
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
参考例句:
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
2 standardized 8hHzgs     
adj.标准化的
参考例句:
  • We use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
  • The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
3 assessments 7d0657785d6e5832f8576c61c78262ef     
n.评估( assessment的名词复数 );评价;(应偿付金额的)估定;(为征税对财产所作的)估价
参考例句:
  • He was shrewd in his personal assessments. 他总能对人作出精明的评价。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Surveys show about two-thirds use such assessments, while half employ personality tests. 调查表明,约有三分之二的公司采用了这种测评;而一半的公司则采用工作人员个人品质测试。 来自百科语句
4 obsolete T5YzH     
adj.已废弃的,过时的
参考例句:
  • These goods are obsolete and will not fetch much on the market.这些货品过时了,在市场上卖不了高价。
  • They tried to hammer obsolete ideas into the young people's heads.他们竭力把陈旧思想灌输给青年。
5 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
6 cognitive Uqwz0     
adj.认知的,认识的,有感知的
参考例句:
  • As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大,他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
  • The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。
7 scribbles 31ca66845e0e856584b2b3ad225b47e4     
n.潦草的书写( scribble的名词复数 );乱画;草草地写;匆匆记下v.潦草的书写( scribble的第三人称单数 );乱画;草草地写;匆匆记下
参考例句:
  • The scribbles on the wall must be the work of those children. 墙壁上的涂鸦准是那几个孩子画的。 来自辞典例句
  • There are scribbles on the wall. 墙上有胡乱涂写的字迹。 来自辞典例句
8 scribbling 82fe3d42f37de6f101db3de98fc9e23d     
n.乱涂[写]胡[乱]写的文章[作品]v.潦草的书写( scribble的现在分词 );乱画;草草地写;匆匆记下
参考例句:
  • Once the money got into the book, all that remained were some scribbling. 折子上的钱只是几个字! 来自汉英文学 - 骆驼祥子
  • McMug loves scribbling. Mama then sent him to the Kindergarten. 麦唛很喜欢写字,妈妈看在眼里,就替他报读了幼稚园。 来自互联网
9 chisels 7e9f2c7de1c1759448991244cf7d7610     
n.凿子,錾子( chisel的名词复数 );口凿
参考例句:
  • Chisels, brushes, paints-all are the products of technology. 凿子、刷子、颜料―这些都是工艺技术的产物。 来自辞典例句
  • He selected the right chisels from a pile laid out beside him. 他从摊在身边的一堆凿子中挑出适用的几把。 来自互联网
10 granite Kyqyu     
adj.花岗岩,花岗石
参考例句:
  • They squared a block of granite.他们把一块花岗岩加工成四方形。
  • The granite overlies the older rocks.花岗岩躺在磨损的岩石上面。
11 chiseller 1a58bc16c01242eb8e72f7321b40c8b3     
n.凿工,凿匠, (美)(非正式)骗子
参考例句:
12 chagrin 1cyyX     
n.懊恼;气愤;委屈
参考例句:
  • His increasingly visible chagrin sets up a vicious circle.他的明显的不满引起了一种恶性循环。
  • Much to his chagrin,he did not win the race.使他大为懊恼的是他赛跑没获胜。
13 nib jGjxG     
n.钢笔尖;尖头
参考例句:
  • The sharp nib scratched through the paper.钢笔尖把纸戳穿了。
  • I want to buy a pen with a gold nib.我要金笔。
14 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
15 hamper oyGyk     
vt.妨碍,束缚,限制;n.(有盖的)大篮子
参考例句:
  • There are some apples in a picnic hamper.在野餐用的大篮子里有许多苹果。
  • The emergence of such problems seriously hamper the development of enterprises.这些问题的出现严重阻碍了企业的发展。
16 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
17 implements 37371cb8af481bf82a7ea3324d81affc     
n.工具( implement的名词复数 );家具;手段;[法律]履行(契约等)v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • Primitive man hunted wild animals with crude stone implements. 原始社会的人用粗糙的石器猎取野兽。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • They ordered quantities of farm implements. 他们订购了大量农具。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
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