定语从句用法详解

 　　在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom¹, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

　　1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.

　　2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

　　3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

　　4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

　　The room in which there is a machine³ is a work shop.

　　The river which is in front of my house is very clean.

　　This is the pen which you want.

　　注意 ：

　　(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person⁴ whom we must take good care⁵ of.

　　(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost

　　my bag, which I like very much.

　　(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

　　5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

　　The book that I bought yesterday was⁶ written by Lu Xun.

　　注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。

　　(1)先行词是不定代词all, few⁷, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：

　　All that we have to do is to practise English.

　　(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如

　　The first letter that I got⁸ from him will be kept.

　　(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如

　　I've eaten up all the food that you gave⁹ me.

　　(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如

　　He is the only person that I want to talk with.

　　(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:

　　They talked about persons¹⁰ and things that they met.

　　(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the

　　class?

　　6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

　　I don't know the reason¹¹ why he was late.

　　This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

　　I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

　　注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

　　7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

　　(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.

　　8．如何简化定语从句

　　（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:

　　My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

　　→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。

　　This is a book that is worth¹² reading¹³.

　　→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。

　　（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。

　　The man who is standing¹⁴ under the tree is our English teacher.

　　→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

　　站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。

　　I saw¹⁵ the house that was burning¹⁶ at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.

　　当时我看到那房子在燃烧。

　　（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。

　　I like to see the films which are directed¹⁷ by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。

　　She is the girl who was praised¹⁸ at the school meeting¹⁹.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。

　　（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。

　　He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。

　　The report²⁰ which will be given²¹ tomorrow is important²² to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。

　　（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。

　　I couldn't remember the words that he said²³.→I couldn't remember what he said.

　　我记不得他说的话。

　　【典型例题解析】

　　例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business²⁴ @ the Speed²⁵ of Thought²⁶.

　　A. which B. what C. that D. as²

　　解析 先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。

　　例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.

　　A. when B. in which C. that D. for which

　　解析 本题指时间，故选 A。

　　例 3 The book______ is sold²⁷ out at the moment.

　　A. you need B. what you need

　　C. which you need it D. that you need it

　　解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触 ， 故选 A。

　　例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.

　　A. that B. which C. where D. when

　　解析 本题指地点，故选 C。

　　例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.

　　A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is

　　解析 本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。

　　【选讲例题】

　　例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.

　　A. whom B. that C. which D. who is

　　解析 非限制性定语从句中 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。

　　例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language²⁸ is not English.

　　A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose

　　解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。

1 whom   

pron.谁（who的宾格）

参考例句：

• That is the man whom I met in Beijing last year.他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人。
• He married a wife by whom he had two daughters.他娶了妻子并跟她生了两个女儿。

2 as   

conj.按照；如同

参考例句：

• He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
• In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。

3 machine   

n.机器，机械装置，机械般工作的人；v.以机器制造；（计算机）机器

参考例句：

• I can't guess how to control the machine.我猜不出来怎样操作那台机器。
• This kind of machine is out of date.这种机器过时了。

4 person   

n.人

参考例句：

• I would never trust in that kind of person.我绝不会相信那种人。
• She is the very person I wanted to see.她正是我要见的人。

5 care   

n.小心，照料，忧虑；v.关心，照顾，喜爱，介意

参考例句：

• I really care about the students in my class.我的确喜欢这个班上的学生。
• Her work is to take care of the children.她的工作是照料好孩子。

6 was   

v.(is,am的过去式)是，在

参考例句：

• He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
• He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。

7 few   

adj.很少的，不多的，少数的；int.少数的

参考例句：

• There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。
• I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。

8 got   

v.(get的过去式)得到，猜到，明白

参考例句：

• I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
• I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。

9 gave   

vbl.（give的过去式）给予，产生，发表

参考例句：

• He asked for money and I gave him some.他要钱，我给了他一些。
• I gave you a map so you wouldn't get lost. 我给你一张地图，这样你就不会迷路了。

10 persons   

n.人( person的名词复数 )；（语法）人称

参考例句：

• She brought several persons of good credit to witness to her reputation. 她带来几位很有声誉的人物为她的名誉作证。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• An average of 1500 persons pass here every day. 每天平均有1500个人经过此地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 reason   

n.原因，理由，理智，道理；v.劝说，推理

参考例句：

• That is the reason why we must go now.那就是我们现在必须走的理由。
• The reason for the flood was that heavy rain.水灾是那场大雨造成的。

12 worth   

adj.值钱；值得，具有..价值；n.价值，作用

参考例句：

• The book was old and it was not worth a cent.这本书旧了，一文不值。
• This novel is worth reading. 这部小说值得一读。

13 reading   

n.阅读，知识，读物，表演，对法律条文的解释；adj.阅读的

参考例句：

• Children learn reading and writing at school.孩子们在学校学习阅读和写作。
• He finds pleasure in reading.他从阅读中得到乐趣。

14 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

15 saw   

vbl.看见(see的过去式)；n.锯；v.用锯子锯

参考例句：

• Would you like to saw a tree for me?你能为我锯棵树吗？
• The moment I saw you,I knew you were angry with me.我一看到你，就知道你在生我的气。

16 burning   

adj.燃烧的；发热的；急切的；（欲望等）炽烈的v.燃烧(burn的现在分词)；使用某物为燃料

参考例句：

• acrid smoke from burning tyres 燃烧轮胎产生的刺鼻气味
• A welcoming fire was burning in the fireplace. 壁炉里燃烧着暖融融的炉火。

17 directed   

adj.有指导的；有管理的；定向的；被控制的v.（用建议、指示、有益的情报等）指导( direct的过去式和过去分词 )；导演（戏剧或电影）；指示方向；把…对准（某方向或某人）

参考例句：

• The firemen directed jets of water at the burning building. 消防队员把水柱喷向燃烧着的楼房。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军命令释放囚犯。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 praised   

v.称赞( praise的过去式和过去分词 )；赞美；颂扬；崇拜

参考例句：

• He was magnanimous in defeat and praised his opponent's skill. 他对失败表现得很洒脱，并且赞扬了对手的才能。
• He was praised for his neat and careful work. 他因工作认真、利索而受到赞扬。 来自《简明英汉词典》

19 meeting   

n.会议；集会

参考例句：

• Will you be at the meeting?你会来开会吗？
• We would like to hold the meeting at an early date.我们希望早日举行这次会议。

20 report   

n.报告，汇报；传说，传阅；v.报告，报到

参考例句：

• We're going to listen to a report this afternoon.今天下午我们要去听报告。
• I shall report to you.我将向你汇报。

21 given   

adj.赠予的，沉溺的，特定的，假设的；vbl.give的过去分词

参考例句：

• This was given me as a birthday gift.这是给我的生日礼物。
• He was given every chance to try the job.他得到一切可能的机会去试做这件事。

22 important   

adj.重要的；重大的；严重的

参考例句：

• It's important to find out what he is doing.弄清他在干什么是重要的。
• This is a very important problem.这个问题很重要。

23 said   

v.动词say的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
• He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。

24 business   

n.商业， 买卖， 交易， 生意， 事情， 事物， 营业， 商行

参考例句：

• My father built his business on years of hard work. 我父亲多年奋斗创立了自己的事业。
• We must finish up this business in a day or two. 我们必须在一两天内把这事结束。

25 speed   

vt./vi（sped,sped,speeded,speeded）加快；飞跑；n.速度

参考例句：

• The car was running at high speed.汽车急速地向前行驶。
• We'll never get there if he doesn't speed up. 如果他不快些走，我们一定到不了那里。

26 thought   

n.想法，思想，思维，思潮，关心，挂念；v.vbl.think的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• It was just a thought.这仅仅是一个想法。
• She thought he had a cold.她认为他感冒了。

27 sold   

v.动词sell的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• John's house was sold to a Frenchman.约翰的房子卖给了一个法国人。
• This kind of books is sold by all booksellers.所有的书商都出售这种书。

28 language   

n.语言

参考例句：

• Is English a hard language to learn?英语是一种难学的语言吗？
• Language is a wonderful thing.语言是极好的东西。