专业术语—口腔生理学术语I2(英文详解)

    Inflammation - is a whole complex of events which occur in sequence, in response to injury. Tissue damaged by bacteria, chemicals, heat, trauma¹ etc, release histamine and bradykinin and serotonin which cause an increase in capillary² permeability and vasodilation. Both these factors contribute to the formation of a fluid exudate in the damaged tissue, which includes fibrinogen and therefore soon clots³ into a firm gel. This process has the effect of walling off the bacteria or toxic⁴ substances causing the damage, or at least it slows down their spread into surrounding tissues. Local macrophages, begin their phagocytic activity but their numbers are small. Damaged tissues also release interleukin, messengers which are transported all the way to the bone marrow⁵, where millions of leucocytes are stored.. These stores now release leucocytes, mostly neutrophils into the blood. The neutrophils gather at the site of damage because the endothelial cells of the local capillary walls have become sticky to leucocytes. This stickiness is specific for leucocytes and is the work of selectins expressed on the cell membrane⁶ of the endothelial cell. The leucocytes begin to catch and roll along the endothelium until they are brought to a standstill. The increased permeability of the endothelial cells allows leucocytes to wriggle⁷ out of the capillary and migrate into the damaged area. This migration⁸ is also dependent on a process know as chemotaxis, in which cytokine messages from the damaged cells attract the leucocytes to come to their aid. After several days the battle zone is filled with dead bacteria, dead tissue cells, dead neutrophils and macrophages. This dead mass of tissue is called pus. The end of the event may be the gradual resorption of pus by fresh macrophages, or the pus, now under some pressure, may force its way somewhere else. Pus from the apex⁹ of a tooth may escape laterally¹⁰ through the alveolar bone and mucosa, where it is recognisable as a "gum boil".Ten days after a foreign protein is detected for the first time, the bodies immune system has mounted a more specific defense¹¹. Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes have been alerted to the invasion.

1 trauma   

n.外伤，精神创伤

参考例句：

• Counselling is helping him work through this trauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。
• The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。

2 capillary   

n.毛细血管；adj.毛细管道；毛状的

参考例句：

• Rapid capillary proliferation is a prominent feature of all early wound healing.迅速的毛细血管增生是所有早期伤口愈合的一个突出表现。
• When pulmonary capillary pressure is markedly elevated,pulmonary edema ensues.当肺毛细血管压力明显升高时，就出现肺水肿。

3 clots   

n.凝块( clot的名词复数 )；血块；蠢人；傻瓜v.凝固( clot的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• When you cut yourself, blood clots and forms a scab. 你割破了，血会凝固、结痂。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Milk clots when it turns sour. 奶变酸就凝块。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

4 toxic   

adj.有毒的，因中毒引起的

参考例句：

• The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
• There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。

5 marrow   

n.骨髓；精华；活力

参考例句：

• It was so cold that he felt frozen to the marrow. 天气太冷了，他感到寒冷刺骨。
• He was tired to the marrow of his bones.他真是累得筋疲力尽了。

6 membrane   

n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸

参考例句：

• A vibrating membrane in the ear helps to convey sounds to the brain.耳膜的振动帮助声音传送到大脑。
• A plastic membrane serves as selective diffusion barrier.一层塑料薄膜起着选择性渗透屏障的作用。

7 wriggle   

v./n.蠕动，扭动；蜿蜒

参考例句：

• I've got an appointment I can't wriggle out of.我有个推脱不掉的约会。
• Children wriggle themselves when they are bored.小孩子感到厌烦时就会扭动他们的身体。

8 migration   

n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙

参考例句：

• Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
• He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

9 apex   

n.顶点，最高点

参考例句：

• He reached the apex of power in the early 1930s.他在三十年代初达到了权力的顶峰。
• His election to the presidency was the apex of his career.当选总统是他一生事业的顶峰。

10 laterally   

ad.横向地；侧面地；旁边地

参考例句：

• Shafts were sunk, with tunnels dug laterally. 竖井已经打下，并且挖有横向矿道。
• When the plate becomes unstable, it buckles laterally. 当板失去稳定时，就发生横向屈曲。

11 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。