毕业生为何都要穿学位服

 　　In the often unheated buildings of the middle ages, long gowns were necessary for scholars to ward¹ off the cold.

　　在中世纪，房屋里一般不具备取暖设备，长袍成为了学子们避寒的必需品。

　　Academic dress for graduations started in the 12th and 13th centuries when universities first began forming. Whether a student or a teacher, standard dress for scholars was clerical garb². Most medieval scholars had made certain vows³, and had at least taken minor⁴ orders with the church so clerical robes were their main form of dress to begin with.

　　毕业生穿着的学位服起源于大学形成初期的12至13世纪。当时无论学生还是老师，学者的标准服饰是牧师的衣装。大多数中世纪学者都要进行某种宣誓，并且起码举行一些宗教仪式，所以牧师的长袍成为早期学位服的主要形式。

　　In 1321, the University of Coimbra mandated⁵ that all Doctors, Bachelors, and Licentiates must wear gowns. In the latter half of the 14th century, excess in apparel was forbidden in some colleges and prescribed wearing a long gown. By the time of England's Henry VIII, Oxford⁶ and Cambridge began using a standard form of academic dress, which was controlled to the tiniest detail by the university.

　　在1321年，孔伯拉大学要求所有的博士、学士和硕士必须穿长袍。在随后的14世纪中叶，一些学院禁止过度花哨的服装，并且规定穿长袍。在英国亨利八世时期，牛津和剑桥大学开始采用一种标准款式的学位服，这是大学做出的最细微的规定。

　　Not until the late 1800s were colors assigned to signify certain areas of study, but they were only standardized⁷ in the United States. European institutions have always had diversity in their academic dress, but American institutions employ a definite system of dress thanks to Gardner Cotrell Leonard from Albany, New York. After designing gowns for his 1887 class at Williams College, he took an interest in the subject and published an article on academic dress in 1893. Soon after he was asked to work with an Intercollegiate Commission to form a system of academic apparel.

　　直到1800年，颜色才被用到学位服上预示着某一类学科，但是他们在美国是整齐划一的。欧洲的大学经常有不同种类的学位服，拜纽约奥尔巴尼的加德纳?科特尔?伦纳德所赐，美国的大学采用了一套规格确定的学位服。在为1887年的毕业班设计出长袍学位服后，他对这一领域产生了兴趣并且于1893年发表了一篇关于学位服的文章。不久，他被任命到校际委员会来规划一套学位服。

　　The system Gardner Cotrell Leonard helped form was based on gown cut, style and fabric⁸; as well as designated colors to represent fields of study. For example green was the color of medieval herbs, and was assigned to medical studies. Because olive is close to green, was designated for pharmaceutical⁹ studies.

　　加德纳?科特尔?伦纳德设计形成的学位服系统建立在长袍的裁剪、款式和面料上，同时指定不同颜色代表某一学科。比如绿色是中草药的颜色，于是绿色就被运用到医学上。因为橄榄接近绿色，橄榄色就被运用到药学上。

　　In 1959, the American Council on Education had a Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies review the costume code and make changes. In 1986, the committee changed the code to clarify the use of dark blue for a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

　　在1959年，美国教育理事会指派负责学位服和毕业仪式的委员会对学位服饰规格进行审查评估，并做出了改变。在1986年，委员会改变了服饰规格，明确了哲学博士使用深蓝色的学位服。

　　The shape and size of the hood¹⁰ and the sleeve design of the gown show the degree a student pursued: a Bachelor's Degree gown has pointed¹¹ sleeves and no hood, a Master's Degree gown had long, closed sleeves with arm slits¹² and a narrow hood, and a Doctor's Degree had bell-shaped sleeves and a draped, wide hood.

　　学位长袍中披肩布和袖子的形状、尺寸标志着该名学生获得的学位：学士学位服的袖口是尖的，并且没有披肩，硕士学位服的袖子长而且紧，在臂膀出有缝隙，有一个较窄的披肩，博士学位服的袖子是钟形的，较宽松的披肩围成一圈。

　　The color of the hood's lining¹³ tells which college or university the degree was given by. For example: Harvard is crimson¹⁴, Temple is cherry and white, and Cornell is purple and white. However, other than the lining, the hood must be black.

　　披肩的衬里颜色表明了是哪所学院或大学授予的学位。比如：哈佛大学是赤红色的，天普大学是樱桃色和白色，康奈尔大学是紫色和白色，然而，除了衬里，披肩的其他部分必须是黑色的。

　　The field of study is designated by the color of the hood's facing. For example: Theology is scarlet¹⁵, Arts Letters and Humanities are white, and Music is pink.各学科领域由披肩饰面的颜色来指定。例如：神学是猩红色的，艺术与人文学科是白色的，音乐学是粉色的。

　　Caps should only be made of black cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk, to match gown they are to be used with. Velvet¹⁶ may only be used for a doctor's degree.

　　学位帽只能由黑色纯棉府绸、绒面、人造丝或丝绸制成，来和各类长袍匹配。丝绒一般只用于博士学位。

　　Tassels¹⁷ should be fastened to the middle of the cap's top and allowed to lie where it will. It should be black, or the color of field of study, unless it is for a doctor's degree in which case is may be gold.

　　流苏应当系在学位帽顶的中间部位并使之自然下垂。流苏应为黑色或者是该学科的颜色，而博士学位的流苏可以是金黄色的。

1 ward   

n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开

参考例句：

• The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
• During the evening picnic,I'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时，我要点根火把，抵挡蚊虫。

2 garb   

n.服装，装束

参考例句：

• He wore the garb of a general.他身着将军的制服。
• Certain political,social,and legal forms reappear in seemingly different garb.一些政治、社会和法律的形式在表面不同的外衣下重复出现。

3 vows   

誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿

参考例句：

• Matrimonial vows are to show the faithfulness of the new couple. 婚誓体现了新婚夫妇对婚姻的忠诚。
• The nun took strait vows. 那位修女立下严格的誓愿。

4 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

5 mandated   

adj. 委托统治的

参考例句：

• Mandated desegregation of public schools. 命令解除公立学校中的种族隔离
• Britain was mandated to govern the former colony of German East Africa. 英国受权代管德国在东非的前殖民地。

6 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

7 standardized   

adj.标准化的

参考例句：

• We use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
• The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。

8 fabric   

n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织

参考例句：

• The fabric will spot easily.这种织品很容易玷污。
• I don't like the pattern on the fabric.我不喜欢那块布料上的图案。

9 pharmaceutical   

adj.药学的，药物的；药用的，药剂师的

参考例句：

• She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。
• We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。

10 hood   

n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖

参考例句：

• She is wearing a red cloak with a hood.她穿着一件红色带兜帽的披风。
• The car hood was dented in.汽车的发动机罩已凹了进去。

11 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

12 slits   

n.狭长的口子，裂缝( slit的名词复数 )v.切开，撕开( slit的第三人称单数 )；在…上开狭长口子

参考例句：

• He appears to have two slits for eyes. 他眯着两眼。
• "You go to--Halifax,'she said tensely, her green eyes slits of rage. "你给我滚----滚到远远的地方去！" 她恶狠狠地说，那双绿眼睛冒出了怒火。

13 lining   

n.衬里，衬料

参考例句：

• The lining of my coat is torn.我的外套衬里破了。
• Moss makes an attractive lining to wire baskets.用苔藓垫在铁丝篮里很漂亮。

14 crimson   

n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色

参考例句：

• She went crimson with embarrassment.她羞得满脸通红。
• Maple leaves have turned crimson.枫叶已经红了。

15 scarlet   

n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的

参考例句：

• The scarlet leaves of the maples contrast well with the dark green of the pines.深红的枫叶和暗绿的松树形成了明显的对比。
• The glowing clouds are growing slowly pale,scarlet,bright red,and then light red.天空的霞光渐渐地淡下去了，深红的颜色变成了绯红，绯红又变为浅红。

16 velvet   

n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的

参考例句：

• This material feels like velvet.这料子摸起来像丝绒。
• The new settlers wore the finest silk and velvet clothing.新来的移民穿着最华丽的丝绸和天鹅绒衣服。

17 tassels   

n.穗( tassel的名词复数 )；流苏状物；（植物的）穗；玉蜀黍的穗状雄花v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须( tassel的第三人称单数 )；使抽穗， （为了使作物茁壮生长）摘去穗状雄花；用流苏装饰

参考例句：

• Tassels and Trimmings, Pillows, Wall Hangings, Table Runners, Bell. 采购产品垂饰，枕头，壁挂，表亚军，钟。 来自互联网
• Cotton Fabrics, Embroidery and Embroiders, Silk, Silk Fabric, Pillows, Tassels and Trimmings. 采购产品棉花织物，刺绣品而且刺绣，丝，丝织物，枕头，流行和装饰品。 来自互联网