词性--介词(在线收听

介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind

 

1、介词的主要用法:

介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如:out of(中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(前方)等。

2、介词的分类表: (见下表)

   地点(位置、范围)介词above, about附近, across对面, after后面, against倚着..., along近旁, among中间, around周围, round….周围,  at, before..., behind..., below低于..., beside...旁边, between...之间, by..., down...下面, from来自..., in...里面, inside...里面, near靠近..., of...之中, on...上面, out of...之外, outside....外面, over....上方, under...下方, up...上面,  on top of...顶部,   in front of...,  close to靠近..., in the middle of...的中间, at the end of...的末端,等等。

    方向(目标趋向)介词across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind后面, etween…and…...,by路过/通过..., down, for..., from/..., in进入..., into进入..., inside...里面, near接近..., off脱离/..., on..., out of..., outside...., over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to/..., towards朝着..., on to...上面, onto...上面, up..., away from远离...

    时间介词about大约..., after以后, at… (时刻), before以前, by为止, during期间, for…(之久), from…(), in(/下午);(多久)以后, on(某日), past过了…(), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到, until直到, to(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of...开始时 ,at the end of... , in the middle of...当中 ,at the time of...

    方式介词as作为/当作..., by//乘坐/..., in…(语言),  like一样, on()/(),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with(材料),(///), without没有

    涉及介词: about关于..., except除了…, besides除了... for对于/而言, in…(方面), of…,有关..., on关于/有关..., to而言, towards针对..., with而言

    其它介词:

【目的介词】 for为了...,  from防止…,  to为了      

【原因介词】 for因为...,  with由于…,  because of因为...               

【比较介词】 as一样,like一样,than...,to相比, unlike不同

【伴随/状态介词】 against一起(比赛),at(上班/休息/上学/,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on(值日), with一起,/带着/长着..., without没有//不与一起

3、介词短语的句法作用:

介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如:The man came <down the stairs>.()(那个人走下楼来)/The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside.()(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.()(老师现在和学生在一起)

4介词短语在句子中的位置:

   介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾; 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai  the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗?)

5、重要注释:

this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒)

for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于而言”。如:It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住)

of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了)

介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。

   当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁?)

   宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有     一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗?)

动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit on.(   最终找到了一张椅子坐。)

   (5) 记住一些固定词组:arrive at/in(到达…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(以北),in the east of(的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充满/ 装满….),be filled with(充满/ 装满….),be good/bad for(有益/有害),be made of(做成),be made from(制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(外面看),at the end of(末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于…/末为止),with the help ofwith one’s help(的帮助下),look after(照料…),look for(寻找…),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做…),get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。

6、某些介词的用法辨析:

  时间或地点介词inonat的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;  表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 700 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院)

afterin表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 600.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)

sincefor表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从起一直到现在”,for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)

byinwith表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)

abouton的用法区别:都可以表示“有关,但是about的意义比较广,on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)

throughacrossover的用法区别: through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”; acrossover可以指“跨越…(街道/河流),可互换,但是表示“翻过”时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat ()ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)

(7)aslike的区别:两个词都表示“像……,但是as译为“作为……,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)

(8)at the end ofby the end ofto the endin the end的用法区别:at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在末;在尽头”,常与过去时连用;by the end of…只能表示时间,译为“在前;到为止”,常用于过去完成时; in the endat last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;to the end译为“到的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)

(9)for a momentfor the momentin a momentat the moment的区别:for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧!) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)

(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do,后面的动词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)

(11)in front of in the front of in front of“在的前面”, in the front of“在的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)

(12)exceptbesides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅…………”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)

 

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