通过口头尸检来更好地记录全世界的死亡情况

Using Verbal¹ Autopsies² to Keep Better Records of Deaths Worldwide

One day last month, a young woman with a small computer sat next to Alphonsine Umurerwa in her living room. The young woman asked questions, listened carefully to the answers and took notes.

She learned that Alphonsine's 23-year-old daughter Sandrine had been very sick for about a year. Over time, the daughter became so weak she stopped leaving their home in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital. The family thought she had the disease malaria³.

Medicines did not help Sandrine’s condition. In March, she died.

The young woman asked Alphonsine a lot of questions about her daughter: When did Sandrine begin to feel weak? Was her temperature a lot higher than normal? Did the color of her skin ever turn yellow?

Each answer led to another question.

This questioning was a “verbal autopsy⁴” — a one-on-one meeting in which a trained health worker asks a close relative or caretaker about someone who recently died. About 50 countries have attempted verbal autopsy projects, and the list is growing.

This week, Bloomberg Philanthropies announced that it will provide $120 million over the next four years to continue support for such projects in 20 countries, and add five more. That amount includes money to pay for verbal autopsies. It will also pay for cancer registries and other programs to help developing countries collect data about the health of their citizens.

Bloomberg Philanthropies provides financial support to health data programs around the world. It was started by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Lack of death records

The work is badly needed, experts say.

An estimated 60 million people worldwide will die this year, and half will have no death certificates or other record describing what killed them.

That means the common understanding of disease and death rates, especially in the developing world, is often based on estimates. So are decisions officials make about which health problems to fight first.

However, knowing exactly what kills people can be difficult.

For example, in the United States, doctors are required to sign death certificates. Yet recent studies suggest that some doctors list some conditions as a default⁵. That is one reason why some experts believe heart disease has been over-reported as a cause of death among Americans.

But it is far more difficult to collect data in countries where only a small percentage of people die in hospitals, or with doctors present.

In Rwanda, only an estimated 20 percent of deaths take place in hospitals, according to the Rwanda Medical and Dental Council.

The current verbal autopsy campaign was launched more than 50 years ago, as small research projects in Africa and Asia.

Million death study

One important study was carried out in India in the late 1990s. Trained interviewers — not doctors — went into the homes of people who had recently died. They asked close relatives about the patient and events that led up to a loved one’s death. Small teams of medical experts later used the answers to identify the cause of death.

The Million Death Study, as it was called, suggested that India had far more malaria and smoking-related deaths than the World Health Organization had estimated.

Verbal autopsies are not perfect. They depend on family members, many still in mourning, to clearly recall medical details. And the information provided can often depend on who is answering the questions, what questions are asked and what experts think the answers mean.

Verbal autopsies “are much better to do that than do nothing, which is the only alternative” in some countries, said Peter Byass. He is an expert on verbal autopsies. Byass works as a researcher at Sweden’s Umea University.

A New York-based organization, Vital Strategies, began working with the Rwandan government in 2015 to develop a verbal autopsy program.

The project trained government health workers — who already provide health care in homes — to carry out the verbal autopsies.

About 2,700 verbal autopsies have been completed in nine areas of the country.

At first, neighbors sometimes objected to the verbal autopsies as invasive. But over time, most people have come to accept them.

Sandrine’s cause of death

The young woman who did the verbal autopsy of Sandrine Umwungeri was Leonie Mfitumukiza. She had met Sandrine’s mother through her job as a community health worker. After giving the family several months to rest and mourn, she had come to ask about Sandrine’s sickness.

Often stopping to express sympathy, Leonie followed the normal set of questions about Sandrine’s health. The information she gathered will be put through a computer algorithm to give a cause of death.

The seriousness of the discussion was broken when a family friend walked into the home carrying a 2-year-old girl who was laughing. It was Blessing⁶, Sandrine’s daughter, now being raised by her grandmother.

After the interview, Leonie said she believes Sandrine died of diabetes⁷, not malaria. But she noted⁸ her job that day was to gather information, not to pass judgment⁹ on the cause of death.

I’m Jonathan Evans. And I'm Caty Weaver¹⁰.

Words in This Story

verbal – adj. of or involving language or words

autopsy – n. an examination of a body after death to identify the cause of death

data – n. factual information

default – n. a choice made usually without active consideration

according – adv. as stated by or in

interviewer – n. someone who asks questions, especially as part of a job

alternative – n. another possibility

algorithm – n. a set of rules to be followed in problem-solving operations, usually by a computer

1 verbal   

adj.口头的，用言辞的，用文字的，动词的

参考例句：

• Verbal statements are no guarantee.口说无凭。
• I delivered a verbal protest against their brutal acts.我对他们的暴行提出口头抗议。

2 autopsies   

n.尸体解剖( autopsy的名词复数 )；验尸；现场验证；实地观察

参考例句：

• Autopsies cannot be performed and thus no recent histological examinations have been reported. 不能进行尸体解剖，因此没有新近的组织学检查的报道。 来自辞典例句
• I told you to supervise autopsies, not to set up a lot of fancy rules. 我叫你监督解剖室，不是去制定一些空想的规定。 来自辞典例句

3 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

4 autopsy   

n.尸体解剖；尸检

参考例句：

• They're carrying out an autopsy on the victim.他们正在给受害者验尸。
• A hemorrhagic gut was the predominant lesion at autopsy.尸检的主要发现是肠出血。

5 default   

n./v.拖欠，违约，欠缺，默认，缺省

参考例句：

• He lost the world title by default.他由于弃权而失去了世界冠军的称号。
• In default of experts' help,we shall have to rely on our own efforts.没有专家的帮助，我们将只得依靠自己的力量。

6 blessing   

n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿

参考例句：

• The blessing was said in Hebrew.祷告用了希伯来语。
• A double blessing has descended upon the house.双喜临门。

7 diabetes   

n.糖尿病

参考例句：

• In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者，医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
• Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。

8 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

9 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

10 weaver   

n.织布工；编织者

参考例句：

• She was a fast weaver and the cloth was very good.她织布织得很快，而且布的质量很好。
• The eager weaver did not notice my confusion.热心的纺织工人没有注意到我的狼狈相。