SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2138 - Digest

20 科技新闻摘要（九）

DATE=8-21-01
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #2138 - Digest
BYLINE=Staff

VOICE ONE:
This is Bob Doughty¹.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments in science.  Today, we tell about how doctors re-attached the arm of a boy after a (1)shark attack.  We tell about ancient cave drawings in France.  We tell about a product to treat wood.  And we tell about a new project to fight (2)malaria². 
 ((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Last month, doctors at Baptist Hospital in Pensacola, Florida, re-attached the right arm of an eight-year-old boy named Jessie Arbogast. A bull³ shark attacked Jessie and (3)bit off his arm as he played in the ocean at the Gulf⁴ Islands National Seashore in Florida. The shark was more than two meters long and weighed about ninety kilograms.  The sharp teeth of the shark made a clean cut in Jessie's arm between the (4)elbow and the shoulder.  This made it easier for doctors to re-attach the arm. Doctors say the re-attached arm probably will not be fully⁵ normal.  But it will be able to move.
VOICE TWO:
During the operation doctors treated the wound.  They also slightly shortened⁶ the arm. This permitted them to place a (5)device to hold the arm where it (6)belongs.  The doctors lined up the (7)muscles, blood (8)vessels and (9)nerves⁷ in the arm with those in Jessie's body. They reconnected the muscles that permit the arm to move.  The doctors repaired nerves, (10)arteries and (11)veins.  And, they placed metal (12)screws to hold the arm in place.  The blood in the arm began to flow again.   Finally, the doctors repaired Jessie's skin.
VOICE ONE:
Jessie was playing in the water near the shore late in the day when the shark bit him.  A family member (13)seized the shark and pulled it out of the water.  A park service officer shot the shark.  Rescuers recovered the arm and sent it to the hospital. Jesse also suffered a severe bite on one leg, (14)kidney damage and (15)intestinal (16)bleeding.  The shark attack had caused him to lose almost all his blood and stop breathing.  Family members and other people worked for twenty minutes to re-start his breathing before a (17)helicopter flew him to the hospital.
Doctors say Jessie's general condition has improved.  For a while, the boy was completely unable to react to his surroundings⁹. In late July he began reacting to changes in sound and light.  He returned home earlier this month. 
VOICE TWO:
Jessie is one of about seventy people bitten by sharks in the United States and Puerto Rico in the past year. Last year, there were thirty-four such attacks in Florida.  Experts say the bull shark is the most (18)aggressive and fearless of all sharks.  The bull shark searches for food close to shore.   Experts believe it attacks people when it mistakes them for fish.  This often happens when it begins to get dark. 
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Experts say drawings found in caves in western France may have been made thirty-thousand years ago.  The Cussac cave art has been called a major discovery. A man exploring the caves in the village of Cussac found the ancient drawings by accident last September.  French officials did not make the news public until last month.
The Cussac cave drawings are of animals such as (19)bison, horses, (20)rhinoceroses and birds. The drawings also show people and include (21)sexual pictures.  The drawings were cut into the rock walls of the caves.  French ministry¹⁰ officials say these caves are special because the art is still in very good condition.  And the drawings have a lot of (22)details.
VOICE TWO:
Dany Barraud works¹¹ for the cultural agency¹² of the French government.  He told reporters that more than one-hundred drawings have been found so far in the Cussac caves.  Officials think there are many more pictures.  The ones found cover a cave nine-hundred meters long, about fifteen meters wide and more than ten meters high.  One drawing of a bison is four meters long.  It is the largest single prehistoric¹³ drawing cut in stone that has been discovered.  Another picture includes forty animals.  
VOICE ONE:
Experts are testing the drawings to find out their exact age.  But they do not consider them to be the oldest drawings cut in stone that have been found.  Drawings as old as thirty-four-thousand years were discovered in a cave in the Ardeche area of France in Nineteen-Ninety-Four.  However, scientists believe the Cussac discoveries are older than the well-known cave paintings of Lascaux, also in western France.  Researchers believe the Lascaux paintings are eighteen-thousand years old.
VOICE TWO:
Another difference with this discovery is that human （23）remains¹⁴ were found with the cave art.  Seven burial places with human bones were found in the Cussac caves.  Scientists are testing the human remains to find out their age.  It is not known if the art is the same age as the remains.
Mister¹⁵ Barraud says the caves will not be open to the public.  He says the cave floors are made of weak clay and the (24)limestone walls break easily.  (25)Temperature changes would destroy the ancient art.  However, the French scientist says a copy of the drawings may be made in a nearby cave for visitors to see.
An expert of prehistoric (26)rock art, Jean Clottes, says the Cussac drawings are special and different from any others.  This art teaches us about the people who lived long before history was recorded.  They too, like us, found value in art.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
American officials have (27)approved a plan to inform people about a (28)chemical (29)mixture added to some wood products that are used outdoors. The government will require that wood treated with (30)chromated (31)copper¹⁶ (32)arsenate carry warning signs. Chromated copper arsenate is a chemical mixture approved for protecting wood.  It protects wood from insects, bacteria and other organisms¹⁷ that can cause damage. 
 Treated wood lasts at least five times longer than untreated wood.  In the United States, the chemical mixture is most commonly added to wood used in playground equipment for children.  It also is found in wood structures added to houses, fences and outdoor tables.  
VOICE TWO:
Chromated copper arsenate is a product of the chemicals (33)arsenic¹⁸, (34)chromium and copper.  Arsenic is a substance found in nature and produced by industry.  It is known to cause (35)cancer in humans.
During the Nineteen-Eighties, the Environmental Protection Agency studied the use of the chemicals to treat wood.  At the time, E-P-A officials ruled that wood treated with the chemicals did not cause unreasonable¹⁹ risks to most people.  However, they were concerned about the health effects on people who work daily with such products.  The agency later required protective²⁰ measures for workers who treated the wood.  It also ordered (36)restrictions on the use of treated wood.  
Recently, E-P-A officials asked the wood protection industry to strengthen the program to inform Americans about the dangers of the chemicals.  The American Wood Preservers Institute developed the new plan.  The program also will tell the public about safe ways to use the treated wood. 
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland has received one-hundred-million dollars to develop new medicines to prevent and treat the disease²¹ malaria. The identity²² of the person who gave the money to Johns Hopkins is a secret. The money will establish the Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute. 
Alfred Sommer heads the Bloomberg School of Public Health at the university.  Doctor Sommer says many experts in medicine, genetics and human populations will be working at the new Malaria Institute.There will be at least one-hundred people involved in the project. 
VOICE TWO:
Mosquito insects (37)spread malaria to people by biting them. The disease attacks the (38)liver and destroys red blood cells.  The World Health Organization says the disease infects as many as five-hundred-million people every year.   It kills more than one-million people each year. The W-H-O says most cases are in developing countries in very warm areas of the world. 
Doctor Sommer says he does not expect the Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute to completely end the disease in the next ten years.  But he says the goal is to develop a (39)vaccine or drug to prevent or treat the disease.  He says this would be a huge step forward in the (40)struggle against malaria. 
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson, Doreen Baingana, George Grow and Jill Moss²³. It was produced by Cynthia Kirk.  This is Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Sarah Long.  Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

(1) shark[ FB:k ]n.[鱼]鲨鱼, 骗子<俚>内行, 专家v.敲诈
(2) malaria[ mE5lZEriE ]n.疟疾, 瘴气
(3) bit[ bit ]n.少量, 片刻, 马嚼子, 辅币vt.上马嚼子, 控制vbl.咬
(4) elbow[5elbEJ]n.肘
(5) device[ di5vais ]n.装置, 设计, 图案, 策略, 发明物, 设备
(6) belong[ bi5lCN ]vi.属于, 住
(7) muscle[ 5mQsl ]n.肌肉, 臂力, (可供食用的)瘦肉, [解]肌
(8) vessel[ 5vesl ]n.船, 容器, 器皿, 脉管, 导管
(9) nerve[ nE:v ]n.神经, 胆量, 勇气, 叶脉vt.鼓起勇气
(10) artery[ 5B:tEri ]n.动脉, 要道
(11) vein⁸[ vein ]n.血管, 静脉, 叶脉, 翅脉, 矿脉, 纹理, 性情, 心绪vt.使成脉络, 象脉络般分布于
(12) screw[ skru: ]n.螺丝钉, 螺旋, 螺杆, 螺孔, 螺旋桨, 吝啬鬼vt.调节, 旋, 加强, 压榨, 强迫, 鼓舞vi.转动, 旋, 拧
(13) seize[ si:z ]v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取vt.没收, 查封
(14) kidney[ 5kidni ]n.肾, (动物可食用的)腰子, 个性, 性格
(15) intestinal[ in5testinl ]adj.肠的, 肠内的, (疾病)侵袭肠的
(16) bleed[ bli:d ]v.使出血, 放血
(17) helicopter[ 5helikCptE ]n.直升(飞)机, 直升机
(18) aggressive[ E5^resiv ]adj.好斗的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的, 侵略性的
(19) bison[ 5baisn ]n.美洲或欧洲的野牛
(20) rhinoceros[ rai5nCsErEs ]n.[动]犀牛
(21) sexual[ 5seksjuEl ]adj.性的, 性别的, [生]有性的
(22) detail[ 5di:teil, di5teil ]n.细节, 详情vt.详述, 细说
(23) remain[ ri5mein ]vi.保持, 逗留, 剩余, 残存
(24) limestone[ 5laimstEun ]n.石灰石
(25) temperature[5temprItFE(r)]n.温度
(26) rock[ rCk ]n.岩石, 暗礁, 石头, 摇动vt.摇摆, 使动摇vi.摇, 摇动
(27) approve[ E5pru:v ]vi.赞成, 满意vt.批准, 通过v.批准
(28) chemical[ 5kemikEl ]adj.化学的n.化学制品, 化学药品 n.化学药品
(29) mixture[ 5mikstFE ]n.混合, 混合物, 混合剂
(30) chromate[ 5krEumeit ]n.铬酸盐
(31) copper[ 5kCpE ]n.铜, 警察
(32) arsenate[ 5B:sinit ]n.[化]砒酸盐, 砷酸盐
(33) arsenic[ 5B:sEnik ]n.[化]砷, 砒霜
(34) chromium[ 5krEumjEm ]n.铬
(35) cancer[ 5kAnsE ]n.癌, 毒瘤
(36) restriction[ ris5trikFEn ]n.限制, 约束
(37) spread[ spred ]n.伸展, 展开, 传播, 蔓延, 酒席, 宴会, 桌布v.伸展, 展开, 铺, 涂, 敷, 摆, 传播, 散布
(38) liver[ 5livE ]n.居住者，生活优裕的人，肝脏
(39) vaccine[ 5vAksi:n ]adj.疫苗的, 牛痘的n.疫苗
(40) struggle[ 5strQ^l ]n.竞争, 努力, 奋斗vi.努力, 奋斗, 挣扎vt.尽力使得, 使劲移动

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

3 bull   

n.公牛，买进证券投机图利者，看涨的人

参考例句：

• It's only a hair off a bull's back to them.这对他们来说，不过九牛一毛。
• Many dogs closed around the bull.很多狗渐渐地把那只牛围了起来。

4 gulf   

n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂

参考例句：

• The gulf between the two leaders cannot be bridged.两位领导人之间的鸿沟难以跨越。
• There is a gulf between the two cities.这两座城市间有个海湾。

5 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

6 shortened   

v.弄短，缩短( shorten的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• She shortened the skirt by an inch. 她把裙子缩短了一英寸。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Vacations have lengthened and the work week has shortened. 假期延长，工作周就缩短了。 来自辞典例句

7 nerves   

n.神经紧张 vt.鼓起勇气

参考例句：

• What he said at the meeting strung her nerves up. 他在会议上的发言使她的神经很紧张。
• At the end of a day's teaching, her nerves were absolutely shattered. 教了一天课，她精疲力竭。

8 vein   

n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络

参考例句：

• The girl is not in the vein for singing today.那女孩今天没有心情唱歌。
• The doctor injects glucose into the patient's vein.医生把葡萄糖注射入病人的静脉。

9 surroundings   

n.周围的事物(或情况)，环境

参考例句：

• She is not very well tuned into her surroundings. 她不太适应周围的环境。
• The rich man lives in luxurious surroundings.这位富人生活在奢侈的环境中。

10 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

11 works   

n.作品，著作；工厂，活动部件，机件

参考例句：

• We expect writers to produce more and better works.我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
• The novel is regarded as one of the classic works.这篇小说被公认为是最优秀的作品之一。

12 agency   

n.经办；代理；代理处

参考例句：

• This disease is spread through the agency of insects.这种疾病是通过昆虫媒介传播的。
• He spoke in the person of Xinhua News Agency.他代表新华社讲话。

13 prehistoric   

adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的

参考例句：

• They have found prehistoric remains.他们发现了史前遗迹。
• It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.这儿倒像是在展览古老的电子设备。

14 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

15 mister   

n.(略作Mr.全称很少用于书面)先生

参考例句：

• Mister Smith is my good friend.史密斯先生是我的好朋友。
• He styled himself " Mister Clean ".他自称是“清廉先生”。

16 copper   

n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的

参考例句：

• The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
• Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。

17 organisms   

n.有机物( organism的名词复数 )；有机体；生物；有机体系

参考例句：

• The organisms can be divided into discrete categories. 有机体可分为许多互不相联的种类。
• The cell is the unit of which all living organisms are composed. 细胞是构成一切生物的单位。

18 arsenic   

n.砒霜，砷；adj.砷的

参考例句：

• His wife poisoned him with arsenic.他的妻子用砒霜把他毒死了。
• Arsenic is a poison.砒霜是毒药。

19 unreasonable   

adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的

参考例句：

• I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
• They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。

20 protective   

adj.防护的，保护的

参考例句：

• A mother naturally feels protective towards her children.做母亲的天生要保护自己的孩子。
• We feel safe with a protective device in the house.我们因为家里有了防护装置而感到安全。

21 disease   

n.疾病，弊端

参考例句：

• The doctors are trying to stamp out the disease.医生正在尽力消灭这种疾病。
• He fought against the disease for a long time.他同疾病做了长时间的斗争。

22 identity   

n.身份，本体，特征；同一(性)，一致

参考例句：

• He never revealed his identity.他从未暴露过自己的身份。
• He showed his identity card and went in.他把工作证亮了一下就进去了。

23 moss   

n.苔，藓，地衣

参考例句：

• Moss grows on a rock.苔藓生在石头上。
• He was found asleep on a pillow of leaves and moss.有人看见他枕着树叶和苔藓睡着了。