上海交大研发人工智能 通过脸部识别技术辨别罪犯

 　　The fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning are moving so quickly that any notion of ethics¹ is lagging decades behind, or left to works of science fiction.

　　由于人工智能和机器学习领域发展得太迅速，以致于任何伦理概念都滞后几十年，或是留给了科幻作品。

　　This might explain a new study out of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which says computers can tell whether you will be a criminal based on nothing more than your facial features.

　　这也许能够解释上海交通大学的一项新研究。该研究表明，计算机只需根据你的面部特征就能分辨出你是否是一个罪犯。

　　上海交大研发人工智能 通过脸部识别技术辨别罪犯

　　In a paper titled "Automated² Inference on Criminality using Face Images," two Shanghai Jiao Tong University researchers say they fed "facial images of 1,856 real persons" into computers and found "some structural³ features for predicting criminality, such as lip curvature, eye inner corner distance, and the so-called nose-mouth angle."

　　在一篇题为《基于面部图像的自动犯罪概率推断》的文章中，两位上海交通大学的研究人员表示，他们将"1856个真人的面部图像"录入计算机，发现"一些能够预测犯罪率的结构特征，例如上唇曲率、内眼角间距和鼻唇角角度。"

　　They conclude that "all classifiers perform consistently well and produce evidence for the validity of automated face-induced inference on criminality, despite the historical controversy⁴ surrounding the topic."

　　他们的结论是："尽管该主题一直具有历史争议，但是所有的分类器都表现出色，并为人脸识别技术辨认罪犯的有效性提供了证据。"

　　In the 1920s and 1930s, the Belgians, in their role as occupying power, put together a national program to try to identify individuals' ethnic⁵ identity through phrenology, an abortive⁶ attempt to create an ethnicity scale based on measurable physical features such as height, nose width and weight.

　　在20世纪20年代及30年代，比利时人以占领国的身份制定了一项国家计划，试图通过骨相来识别个人的民族特性，试图根据可测量的身体特征，如身高、鼻子宽度和重量，来划分一个的种族范围。

　　The study contains virtually no discussion of why there is a "historical controversy" over this kind of analysis — namely, that it was debunked⁷ hundreds of years ago.

　　此项研究几乎没有讨论为什么这种分析有一个"历史争议"，它在几百年前就被揭穿了。

　　Rather, the authors trot⁸ out another discredited⁹ argument to support their main claims: that computers can't be racist¹⁰, because they're computers.

　　相反，作者提出了另一个可信的论点来支持他们的主要论断：计算机不能成为种族主义者，因为它们是计算机。

　　Unlike a human examiner/judge, a computer vision algorithm or classifier has absolutely no subjective¹¹ baggages, having no emotions, no biases¹² whatsoever¹³ due to past experience, race, religion, political doctrine¹⁴, gender¹⁵, age, etc.

　　与人类检查员/法官不同，计算机视觉算法或分类器绝对没有主观看法、没有情绪、没有由于过去经验、种族、宗教、政治信条、性别、年龄等而造成的偏见。

　　Besides the advantage of objectivity, sophisticated algorithms based on machine learning may discover very delicate and elusive¹⁶ nuances in facial characteristics and structures that correlate to innate¹⁷ personal traits.

　　除了客观性的优势，基于机器学习的复杂算法可能发现面部特征和结构中非常微妙和难以捉摸的细微差别，这些细微差别与先天的个人特征相关。

1 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

2 automated   

a.自动化的

参考例句：

• The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
• Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS)，作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。

3 structural   

adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的

参考例句：

• The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

4 controversy   

n.争论，辩论，争吵

参考例句：

• That is a fact beyond controversy.那是一个无可争论的事实。
• We ran the risk of becoming the butt of every controversy.我们要冒使自己在所有的纷争中都成为众矢之的的风险。

5 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

6 abortive   

adj.不成功的，发育不全的

参考例句：

• We had to abandon our abortive attempts.我们的尝试没有成功，不得不放弃。
• Somehow the whole abortive affair got into the FBI files.这件早已夭折的案子不知怎么就进了联邦调查局的档案。

7 debunked   

v.揭穿真相，暴露( debunk的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His theories have been debunked by recent research. 最近的研究揭穿了他的理论的真相。
• Some advertising slogans should be debunked. 某些夸大的广告用语应予揭露。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 trot   

n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧

参考例句：

• They passed me at a trot.他们从我身边快步走过。
• The horse broke into a brisk trot.马突然快步小跑起来。

9 discredited   

不足信的，不名誉的

参考例句：

• The reactionary authorities are between two fires and have been discredited. 反动当局弄得进退维谷，不得人心。
• Her honour was discredited in the newspapers. 她的名声被报纸败坏了。

10 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

11 subjective   

a.主观(上)的，个人的

参考例句：

• The way they interpreted their past was highly subjective. 他们解释其过去的方式太主观。
• A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. 文学评论家的看法不应太主观。

12 biases   

偏见( bias的名词复数 )； 偏爱； 特殊能力； 斜纹

参考例句：

• Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设，而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。

13 whatsoever   

adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么

参考例句：

• There's no reason whatsoever to turn down this suggestion.没有任何理由拒绝这个建议。
• All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you,do ye even so to them.你想别人对你怎样，你就怎样对人。

14 doctrine   

n.教义；主义；学说

参考例句：

• He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
• The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。

15 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

16 elusive   

adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的

参考例句：

• Try to catch the elusive charm of the original in translation.翻译时设法把握住原文中难以捉摸的风韵。
• Interpol have searched all the corners of the earth for the elusive hijackers.国际刑警组织已在世界各地搜查在逃的飞机劫持者。

17 innate   

adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的

参考例句：

• You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
• Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。