TED演讲 第23期:说服 让利他精神成为你的准则(3)

 My friend, Daniel Batson, spent a whole life putting people in the lab in very complex situations.  我的朋友丹尼尔巴特森花了一生的时间研究人们在实验室中复杂环境下的表现。

And of course we are sometimes selfish, and some people more than others.  当然，我们有时是自私的， 而且有些人会比他人更自私。

But he found that systematically¹, no matter what,  但他发现，整体来看，无论如何，

there's a significant number of people who do behave altruistically³, no matter what.  有大量的人会表现出利他的行为，无论如何。

If you see someone deeply wounded, great suffering,  如果你看到有人受伤很严重，非常痛苦，

you might just help out of empathic distress⁴ you can't stand it, so it's better to help than to keep on looking at that person.  你就会出于同理心而伸出救援之手,你无法承受其伤痛， 与其冷眼相看，不如上前救援。

So we tested all that, and in the end, he said, clearly people can be altruistic².  种种情况都进行过试验研究， 最后，他说，人是有利他精神的

So that's good news.  这是好消息。

And even further, we should look at the banality⁵ of goodness.  而且，我们要看到善良的平凡一面。

Now look at here.  看这儿，

When we come out, we aren't going to say,That's so nice.  当我们走出家门，我们不会说，太好了，

There was no fistfight while this mob was thinking about altruism⁶.  当强盗也在考虑帮助他人， 就不会有暴力发生了。

No, that's expected, isn't it?  不，这很显然，不是吗？

If there was a fistfight, we would speak of that for months.  如果真有暴力事件， 那够我们谈论几个月的了。

So the banality of goodness is something that doesn't attract your attention,  因此，你或许没留意到善良的平凡一面，

but it exists.  但它确实存在。

Now, look at this.  看这段录像，

So some psychologists said,  许多心理学家说，

when I tell them I run 140 humanitarian⁷ projects in the Himalayas that give me so much joy, 当我告诉他们我在喜马拉雅地区 开展的140个人道主义行动带给我极大的幸福感时，

they said, Oh, I see, you work for the warm glow.  他们说，我明白了，这是温情效应，

That is not altruistic. You just feel good. 而不是利他精神， 你只是为了让自己感觉良好。

You think this guy, when he jumped in front of the train,  看看他，迎着火车跳入铁轨时，

he thought, I'm going to feel so good when this is over?  你们认为他会在想 救了他之后我的感觉会棒极了吗？

But that's not the end of it.  故事并没有结束。

They say, well, but when you interviewed him, he said,  他们说，好吧，他接受采访时，说，

I had no choice. I had to jump, of course. 我没有选择，我不得不跳下去， 当然了。

He has no choice. Automatic behavior. It's neither selfish nor altruistic.  他没有选择，自发的行为。 这不是自私也不是利他。

No choice?  没有选择？

Well of course, this guy's not going to think for half an hour,  当然，他不会在那想个半小时，

Should I give my hand? Not give my hand?  我要不要救他？不救他会怎样？

He does it. There is a choice, but it's obvious, it's immediate⁸.  他跳了下去，这是一个选择， 但很显然，这是瞬间的反应。

And then, also, there he had a choice.  然后，没错，他确实是做了选择。

There are people who had choice, like Pastor⁹ Andr Trocm and his wife,  有很多人做了选择， 像 Pastor Andre Trocme 和他的妻子，

and the whole village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.  还有法国的名为利尼翁河畔勒尚邦的小镇。

For the whole Second World War, they saved 3,500 Jews,  在二次世界大战期间， 他们救了三千五百个犹太人，

gave them shelter, brought them to Switzerland,  为他们提供住所，带他们去瑞士，

against all odds¹⁰, at the risk of their lives and those of their family.  克服一切困难，冒着丧生和失去整个家庭的危险。

So altruism does exist.  因此，利他精神确实存在。

So what is altruism?  利他精神是什么呢？

It is the wish: May others be happy and find the cause of happiness.  是一种希望： 愿他人幸福喜乐，并找到幸福的根源。

Now, empathy is the affective resonance¹¹ or cognitive¹² resonance that tells you,  移情作用是一种共鸣， 或称之为认知共鸣，

this person is joyful¹³, this person suffers.  它会让你感受到他人的欢快， 他人的伤痛。

But empathy alone is not sufficient.  但只有移情是不够的。

If you keep on being confronted with suffering,  如果周遭的不幸始终笼罩着你，

you might have empathic distress, burnout,  你就会感到压力，承受不住，

so you need the greater sphere of loving-kindness.  所以，你需要更大范围的充满关爱的善良。

With Tania Singer at the Max Planck Institute of Leipzig,  来自莱比锡马普研究所的塔尼亚?辛格 与我一起发现，

we showed that the brain networks for empathy and loving-kindness are different.  从大脑构造的角度来看， 移情和充满关爱的善良是不一样的。

Now, that's all well done,  这是成熟的科学研究。

so we got that from evolution, from maternal¹⁴ care, parental¹⁵ love,  这些是进化而来的， 是从我们接受母爱、父爱而得到的，

but we need to extend that.  但我们不能止步于此，

It can be extended even to other species.  它还可以拓展到其他物种。

Now, if we want a more altruistic society, we need two things:  如果希望社会中有更多的利他行为， 我们需要做到两方面：

individual change and societal change.  个人的改变和社会的改变。

So is individual change possible?  个人的改变可能吗？

Two thousand years of contemplative study said yes, it is.  两千年的冥想研究表明，是可以改变的。

Now, 15 years of collaboration¹⁶ with neuroscience and epigenetics said yes, our brains change when you train in altruism.  神经科学和表观遗传学 长达15年的合作也表明，改变可以发生，当你接受利他精神的训练时， 你的大脑会发生改变。

So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.  我接受了MRI长达120小时的扫描，

This is the first time I went after two and a half hours.  这是上次两个半小时治疗后第一次接受扫描。

And then the result has been published in many scientific papers.  扫描的结果被多篇学术论文选用。

It shows without ambiguity¹⁷ that there is structural¹⁸ change and functional¹⁹ change in the brain when you train the altruistic love.  其结果清晰地表明，当你接受利他关爱的训练时，大脑的结构和机能会发生改变。

Just to give you an idea:  给你们一个直观的感受：

this is the meditator²⁰ at rest on the left,  从左到右依次是放松状态下的冥思者，

meditator in compassion²¹ meditation²², you see all the activity,  正在冥思怜悯的冥思者， 你们能看到发生了什么，

and then the control group at rest, nothing happened,  然后是对照组，放松时，什么都没发生，

in meditation, nothing happened.  冥想时，什么都没发生，

1 systematically   

adv.有系统地

参考例句：

• This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
• The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。

2 altruistic   

adj.无私的，为他人着想的

参考例句：

• It is superficial to be altruistic without feeling compassion.无慈悲之心却说利他，是为表面。
• Altruistic spirit should be cultivated by us vigorously.利他的精神是我们应该努力培养的。

3 altruistically   

参考例句：

• An unexpectedly large fraction of players acted altruistically to protect their weaker friends. 远远超出人们的预料，有很大一部分玩家在游戏中无私地保护那些弱者朋友。 来自互联网

4 distress   

n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛

参考例句：

• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
• Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。

5 banality   

n.陈腐；平庸；陈词滥调

参考例句：

• Neil's ability to utter banalities never ceased to amaze me.每次我都很惊讶，尼尔怎么能讲出这么索然无味的东西。
• He couldn't believe the banality of the question.他无法相信那问题竟如此陈腐。

6 altruism   

n.利他主义，不自私

参考例句：

• An important feature of moral behaviour is altruism.道德行为一个重要特点就是利他主义。
• Altruism is crucial for social cohesion.利他主义对社会的凝聚是至关重要的。

7 humanitarian   

n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者

参考例句：

• She has many humanitarian interests and contributes a lot to them.她拥有很多慈善事业，并作了很大的贡献。
• The British government has now suspended humanitarian aid to the area.英国政府现已暂停对这一地区的人道主义援助。

8 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

9 pastor   

n.牧师，牧人

参考例句：

• He was the son of a poor pastor.他是一个穷牧师的儿子。
• We have no pastor at present:the church is run by five deacons.我们目前没有牧师：教会的事是由五位执事管理的。

10 odds   

n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别

参考例句：

• The odds are 5 to 1 that she will win.她获胜的机会是五比一。
• Do you know the odds of winning the lottery once?你知道赢得一次彩票的几率多大吗？

11 resonance   

n.洪亮；共鸣；共振

参考例句：

• Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments.一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。
• The areas under the two resonance envelopes are unequal.两个共振峰下面的面积是不相等的。

12 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

13 joyful   

adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的

参考例句：

• She was joyful of her good result of the scientific experiments.她为自己的科学实验取得好成果而高兴。
• They were singing and dancing to celebrate this joyful occasion.他们唱着、跳着庆祝这令人欢乐的时刻。

14 maternal   

adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的

参考例句：

• He is my maternal uncle.他是我舅舅。
• The sight of the hopeless little boy aroused her maternal instincts.那个绝望的小男孩的模样唤起了她的母性。

15 parental   

adj.父母的；父的；母的

参考例句：

• He encourages parental involvement in the running of school.他鼓励学生家长参与学校的管理。
• Children always revolt against parental disciplines.孩子们总是反抗父母的管束。

16 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。

17 ambiguity   

n.模棱两可；意义不明确

参考例句：

• The telegram was misunderstood because of its ambiguity.由于电文意义不明确而造成了误解。
• Her answer was above all ambiguity.她的回答毫不含糊。

18 structural   

adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的

参考例句：

• The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

19 functional   

adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的

参考例句：

• The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了，但现在可以用了。
• The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的，只是为了实用。

20 meditator   

沉思者，冥想者

参考例句：

• The meditator who realises this also realises death and birth. 了悟这些的行者也了悟死与生。
• At that time, the meditator will generally experience many different painful feelings arising in his body. 这时候，禅者通常会经历很多不同的苦受，它们不断在身中生起。

21 compassion   

n.同情，怜悯

参考例句：

• He could not help having compassion for the poor creature.他情不自禁地怜悯起那个可怜的人来。
• Her heart was filled with compassion for the motherless children.她对于没有母亲的孩子们充满了怜悯心。

22 meditation   

n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录

参考例句：

• This peaceful garden lends itself to meditation.这个恬静的花园适于冥想。
• I'm sorry to interrupt your meditation.很抱歉，我打断了你的沉思。