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This is Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky . Got a minute ?

Germany’s Harald zur Hausen and France’s Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi share the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology¹ or Medicine, awarded October 6th.

Barre-Sinoussi and Montagnier discovered HIV. Shortly after reports in the early 1980s of a new immunodeficiency syndrome², researchers all over the world raced to find the cause. The two French scientists cultured cells from lymph nodes of patients. They first detected the enzyme³ reverse transcriptase, which meant that a retrovirus was active. Further searching turned up retroviral particles, which could kill white blood cells and which also reacted with antibodies from infected patients. These discoveries made possible unprecedented⁴ rapid development of blood screening techniques and of new antiviral therapies.

Zur Hausen defied the medical establishment and postulated⁵ in the 1970s that cervical cancer was caused by the human papilloma virus. He was able to isolate⁶ viral DNA⁷ in tumors. He also determined⁸ that there were multiple kinds of papilloma viruses, and that only some caused cancer. His discovery led to the development of a vaccine⁹ against cervical cancer.

Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-Second Science. I'm Steve Mirsky .

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1 physiology
n.生理学，生理机能
参考例句：
He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

2 syndrome
n.综合病症；并存特性
参考例句：
The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。 Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。

3 enzyme
n.酵素，酶
参考例句：
Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度，酶分子将会展开。 An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。

4 unprecedented
adj.无前例的，新奇的
参考例句：
The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。 A flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。

5 postulated
v.假定，假设( postulate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
They postulated a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container. 他们假定塑料容器的寿命为500年。 Freud postulated that we all have a death instinct as well as a life instinct. 弗洛伊德曾假定我们所有人都有生存本能和死亡本能。来自辞典例句

6 isolate
vt.使孤立，隔离
参考例句：
Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。 We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。

7 DNA
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
参考例句：
DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。 Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

8 determined
adj.坚定的；有决心的
参考例句：
I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。 He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

9 vaccine
n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的
参考例句：
The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。 She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。