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Oxpeckers riding on rhinoceroses² feast on ticks, and their calls warn the nearsighted herbivores about approaching humans.

Full Transcript³ 

Black rhinos⁴ have terrible eyesight. Even so, these giant African herbivores easily fend⁵ off hungry lions and hyenas⁶.

“Their basic body plan has proved to be good enough to survive on a savanna⁷ full of large predators⁸, being very large, thick-skinned—big, rapierlike horns.”

Victoria University of Melbourne behavioral ecologist Roan Plotz. But those protective traits are no match for humans with guns. Today the species is critically endangered largely due to poaching. But the rhinos may have an unlikely ally against poachers: the red-billed oxpecker. The chatty, sociable⁹ birds often hang out on the backs of rhinos, feasting on parasitic¹⁰ ticks.

“And actually, research has shown that the tick is the favorite diet of an oxpecker. And if they feed on ticks, that is a good thing.”

The birds also get nutrients¹¹ by picking at sores on the rhinos’ bodies. Plotz suspected that the rhinos put up with this indignity¹² because the oxpeckers make loud alarm calls whenever they see humans approach—giving the rhinos an early warning to flee.

“And it’s sort of a distinctive¹³ rattling¹⁴, a bit hissing¹⁵ sort of sound.”

[CLIP: Alarm call]

To test whether the oxpeckers do, in fact, act as noisy lookouts¹⁶, Plotz and his team implanted radio transmitters in the rhinos’ horns. This didn’t hurt the rhinos and allowed the researchers to track the animals ...

“And approach them undetected, when the oxpeckers were on the back and when the oxpeckers were not on their backs, to get an idea of if the birds do alert them and if the rhinos do listen.”

The researchers found that rhinos without oxpeckers detected an approaching human only 23 percent of the time, at an average distance of 27 meters. But when oxpeckers were present, the birds alerted the rhinos 100 percent of the time. And they detected the human 61 meters away on average. And the more oxpeckers on the scene, the greater the detection distance—which means the earlier the warning.

“Which makes sense because the more eyes you have on your back, looking out for you, the more chance that they can pick up anything coming. What we think is going on, fundamentally, is that the rhino¹ is eavesdropping¹⁷ on the oxpecker alarm call, there can be no doubt of that. There's a really strong antihuman benefit to listening to oxpecker alarm calls.”

The study is in the journal Current Biology, with oxpecker recording¹⁸ by Tiffany Plantan of the University of Miami. [Roan D. Plotz and Wayne L. Linklater, Oxpeckers help rhinos evade¹⁹ humans]

Plotz thinks the oxpeckers may have evolved their sentinel behavior because it protects their convenient food source. And the more lookouts, the better in what seems like a win-win for both species: the birds thrive and the rhinos survive.

—Susanne Bard²⁰

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]