苏亚雷斯咬人事件的科学解析

 　　The most feared jaws¹ in football have again snapped shut on human flesh. Renowned² Uruguayan jerk Luis Suárez appeared to chomp³ the shoulder of Italy's Giorgio Chiellini during a World Cup match on Tuesday. The player's latest chomp raises questions about sportsmanship. Namely, what kind of brain decides it is OK, in the course of athletic⁴ performance, to seize part of a competitor's body between your teeth like a rabid pit bull?

　　球场上最可怕的大白鲨又咬人了，高清相机清楚地捕捉到这一幕。周二的世界杯球场上，著名的乌拉圭混蛋路易斯?苏亚雷斯看起来似乎咬了意大利球员的乔吉奥?基耶利尼。苏神的咬人事件引起了观众对运动员职业道德问题的一片声讨。换而言之，他到底是哪根筋抽风了才会觉得咬人无罪？从运动员的表现来看，他像发疯的斗牛犬一样去咬了对手的身体。

　　The psychology⁵ of poor sportsmanship is something that generally comes up in the context of child athletes. Acting⁶ out on the field can be a sign that a kid doesn't handle competition well, or hasn't yet developed the cortical means to regulate his feelings. By the time you are a grown adult and a professional football player, though, athletic misbehaviour signals something else besides one's presence at a way station on the path to moral maturity⁸.

　　这个糟糕的运动员心理道德通常与运动员儿时的成长环境有关。苏亚雷斯在球场上的表现可以看成是小朋友不懂踢足球，或是他连基本的情绪控制方法都不懂。尽管他已经成年并成为了一个职业足球运动员，但到这之前，在他走向心理成熟的途中，他的不正当举止也标志了一些除了个人行为以外的其他东西。

　　苏亚雷斯咬人事件的科学解析

　　In adults who aren't world class athletes, poor sportsmanship might indicate an anger issue like intermittent⁹ explosive disorder¹⁰, or any condition-autism, ADHD-that impairs¹¹ your understanding of social norms. Or you could just be a jerk.

　　成年人中那些非巨星级的运动员，职业道德的低下可能体现了诸如间歇性爆发混乱症这样的愤怒问题，或者是任何环境孤僻症，ADHD社会准则意识削弱症等，或者这人本来就是个混蛋。

　　But according to Dr. Richard D. Ginsburg, a clinical psychologist and sports psychology consultant¹² for Massachusetts General Hospital, the tantrums of professional players are often made of stronger stuff. "You have athletes who are highly driven to win, fiercely competitive, and who must increase their intensity¹³ in ways that involve physical contact with others," he says. And because they are doing all this in situations-like a World Cup match-that are highly visible and drenched¹⁴ with meaning, the adrenaline generated is tremendous. "An intense amount of arousal is required," Ginsburg says. "It's the moment. The media exposure. Learning how to harness your aggression¹⁵ in a way that's effective and balanced is an art form for pro⁷ athletes. People don't appreciate how hard it is."

　　但按照Richard D. Ginsburg博士的说法，作为麻州综合医院的一个临床心理学家和运动学心理顾问，他认为职业球员的愤怒是被高压逼出来的。他说：“运动员们为了拿下比赛，被迫激烈地拼抢，提高运动强度并且与别人发生肢体接触。”而且正因为在这全球瞩目并充满意义的世界杯比赛里，运动员更是如此，使他们产生了更多的肾上腺素。“他们需要大量的刺激，” Ginsburg说，“在这样关键时刻。在媒体的聚光灯下，学会如何利用自己的愤怒来提高球场上的效率并且保持心理平衡是一个职业球员应掌握的艺术。观众不会知道这有多难。”

　　Ginsburg, who has never met or treated Suárez, told me he was reluctant to make assumptions about the footballer's character in particular. But as a general rule, he says that putting a player with poor impulse control in such a hypercharged context is like sprinkling your fireplace with gunpowder¹⁶. "It's the situation and it's also who we're dealing¹⁷ with," he says. "These huge emotional outbursts can start to make a kind of sense."

　　Ginsburg从来没有见过和治疗过苏亚雷斯，他告诉我他不太愿意刻意对该名球员的性格做出任何假设。但按照一般规则来说，这种咬人之举就像把火药丢进火炉一样，体现了苏神对冲动薄弱的自控力。“这种情况和这样的人是我们正在研究的对象，”他说：“这些心理大爆发行为开始有了它们的意义。”

　　Bad sportsmanship occasionally pays off, as when a player might hypothetically handle the ball off the line in a World Cup match against, say, Ghana. But Ginsburg notes that it would be hard to argue that Suárez's more tooth-focused behaviour was somehow strategic. Though he wasn't penalized¹⁸ for his light Italian snack, FIFA could choose to ban Suárez for the rest of the tournament.

　　差劲的职业道德偶尔也会有好处，像在世界杯里对战加纳时，这些职业素质底下的球员可能会经常把球踢出界。有人表示苏亚雷斯的咬人行为是战略安排而不是故意的，但Ginsburg表示这种观点几乎站不住脚。虽然苏亚雷斯在那场比赛上没有收到裁判的判罚，但是赛后足联还是判处苏亚雷斯在剩余的比赛里禁赛。

　　Back in April 2013, when Suárez tenderized the arm of Chelsea's Branislav Ivanovic, sports psychologist Dr. Thomas Fawcett echoed this interpretation¹⁹, speculating that we'd witnessed something "primitive²⁰" and "spontaneous." He told the BBC that biting usually signalled frustration²¹ and that he suspected Suárez would bite again. Good call, Dr. Fawcett! Give that man a raise.

　　回到2013年的四月，当苏亚雷斯咬了切尔西球员伊万的手臂时，运动心理学家托马斯福斯特博士就不断解释了他的猜想，在苏亚雷斯身上我们一起见证了“原始的”和“无意识的”的野蛮精神。他那会就告诉BBC咬人这种行为是苏神失望的表现，他怀疑苏亚雷斯会再咬人。太牛了，这个预言果然应验，福斯特，为你点个赞。

1 jaws   

n.口部；嘴

参考例句：

• The antelope could not escape the crocodile's gaping jaws. 那只羚羊无法从鱷鱼张开的大口中逃脱。
• The scored jaws of a vise help it bite the work. 台钳上有刻痕的虎钳牙帮助它紧咬住工件。

2 renowned   

adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的

参考例句：

• He is one of the world's renowned writers.他是世界上知名的作家之一。
• She is renowned for her advocacy of human rights.她以提倡人权而闻名。

3 chomp   

v. （人、动物进食时）大声地咬，嚼得很响

参考例句：

• I lost a tooth while chomping on a French baguette!我啃法棍面包时，崩掉了一颗牙！
• They just chomp on tundra, nap a few hours and feast again.它们只是在苔原上大嚼特嚼，睡上几小时，接着再吃。

4 athletic   

adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的

参考例句：

• This area has been marked off for athletic practice.这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。
• He is an athletic star.他是一个运动明星。

5 psychology   

n.心理，心理学，心理状态

参考例句：

• She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
• He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

6 acting   

n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的

参考例句：

• Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她，她只是假装的。
• During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代，她的表演生涯黯然失色。

7 pro   

n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者

参考例句：

• The two debating teams argued the question pro and con.辩论的两组从赞成与反对两方面辩这一问题。
• Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament?你是赞成还是反对核裁军？

8 maturity   

n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期

参考例句：

• These plants ought to reach maturity after five years.这些植物五年后就该长成了。
• This is the period at which the body attains maturity.这是身体发育成熟的时期。

9 intermittent   

adj.间歇的，断断续续的

参考例句：

• Did you hear the intermittent sound outside?你听见外面时断时续的声音了吗？
• In the daytime intermittent rains freshened all the earth.白天里，时断时续地下着雨，使整个大地都生气勃勃了。

10 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

11 impairs   

v.损害，削弱( impair的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Smoking impairs our health. 吸烟会损害我们的健康。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Almost anything that impairs liver function can cause hepatitis. 任何有损于肝功能的因素，几乎都会引起肝炎。 来自辞典例句

12 consultant   

n.顾问；会诊医师，专科医生

参考例句：

• He is a consultant on law affairs to the mayor.他是市长的一个法律顾问。
• Originally,Gar had agreed to come up as a consultant.原来，加尔只答应来充当我们的顾问。

13 intensity   

n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度

参考例句：

• I didn't realize the intensity of people's feelings on this issue.我没有意识到这一问题能引起群情激奋。
• The strike is growing in intensity.罢工日益加剧。

14 drenched   

adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体）

参考例句：

• We were caught in the storm and got drenched to the skin. 我们遇上了暴雨，淋得浑身透湿。
• The rain drenched us. 雨把我们淋得湿透。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 aggression   

n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害

参考例句：

• So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression.只要我们紧密地团结，就不必惧怕外来侵略。
• Her view is that aggression is part of human nature.她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。

16 gunpowder   

n.火药

参考例句：

• Gunpowder was introduced into Europe during the first half of the 14th century.在14世纪上半叶，火药传入欧洲。
• This statement has a strong smell of gunpowder.这是一篇充满火药味的声明。

17 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

18 penalized   

对…予以惩罚( penalize的过去式和过去分词 )； 使处于不利地位

参考例句：

• You will be penalized for poor spelling. 你拼写不好将会受到处罚。
• Team members will be penalized for lateness. 队员迟到要受处罚。

19 interpretation   

n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理

参考例句：

• His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
• Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。

20 primitive   

adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物

参考例句：

• It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
• His book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。

21 frustration   

n.挫折，失败，失效，落空

参考例句：

• He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
• He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。