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“not”的多种用法

时间:2017-03-09 23:58来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   一 . not 的位置

  1. not 可以置于 be 动词、情态动词及助动词之后,构成否定句。除了 am 和 not , may 和 not 不能合写之外,其余的一般都可以和 not 合写。例如:
  ( 1 ) He is not ( isn't ) a man to give things up easily.
  他不是一个随便放弃的人。
  ( 2 ) He can not ( cannot, can't ) speak Chinese as well as Tom.
  他的汉语没有汤姆讲得那么好。
  ( 3 ) You did not ( didn't ) know how worried I was about you at that time.
  你不知道那时我是多么地担心你!
  注: had better do sth, would rather do sth, would like to do sth. 和 be about to do sth. 的否定形式分别是 had better not do sth, would rather not do sth, would like not to do sth. 和 be about not to do sth ; used1 to 的否定形式是 usedn't to 或 didn't use to 。例如:
  ( 4 ) You'd better not eat too much chocolate, or you'll get too fat.
  你最好不要吃太多的巧克力,否则身体会发胖的。
  ( 5 ) I would rather not accept his present.
  我宁愿不要他的礼物。
  2. not 可以置于分词、不定式和动名词之前,构成非谓语动词的否定形式。例如:
  ( 1 ) Not having received any reply from Tom, Mary decided2 to write to him again.
  由于没收到汤姆的回音,玛丽决定再给他写封信。
  ( 2 ) He kept silent3 over the matter in order not to lose his job.
  他对这件事保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的这份工作。
  ( 3 ) She was very upset for not having been invited to the party.
  她因没有被邀请去参加晚会而感到很伤心。
  3. not 的位置转移:
  ( 1 )主句的主语是第一人称 we 和 I ,谓语动词是 think, believe, imagine, suppose 等时,常将其后宾语从句中的否定词 not 前移至这些动词之前。这种语法现象称之为否定转移。例如:
  ① I don't think the film is intended4 for children.
  我觉得这部电影不适合儿童看。
  ② We don't believe he stole money from the stop.
  我们相信他不会偷那店铺里的钱。
  ( 2 )若用“ It is / was … that …”去强调 until 引导的状语从句,主句中又有否定词 not ,则常将 not 和 until 放在一起加以强调。例如:
  It was not until he told me that I had an idea about it.
  直到他告诉我,我才明白这件事。
  ( 3 )当 not until, not only (… but also …), not for a moment, not a single ……等位于句首时,有关分句的主语和谓语要倒装。例如:
  ① Not only has he been to London but also he worked there for a time.
  他不仅去过伦敦,而且还在那里工作过一段时间。
  ( not only 后面的分句中的主语和谓语倒装, but also 后面分句中的主语和谓语不倒装。)
  ② Not for a moment did he doubt5 the truth of your story.
  他从来都没怀疑过你的故事的真实性。
  ( 4 )“ don't + 动词原形”可以构成祈使句的否定形式。若强调这种祈使句中的主语,则需在动词原形前面加上主语(这时主语需要重读),也就是用“ don't + 主语 + 动词原形”结构。例如:
  ① Don't make any noise.
  请不要吵闹。
  ② Don't you make any noise.
  请你不要吵闹。
  ( 5 )“ Why not + 动词原形”是“ Why don't you + 动词原形”的省略形式,表示建议或劝告。例如:
  If you still haven't made any final decision, why not go to our teacher for some advice?
  要是你现在还没有最后下定决心的话,那你为什么不去找老师征求意见呢?
  二 . not 的肯定意义及否定意义
  1. not 和某些词搭配使用时,可以表示肯定意义。
  ( 1 ) not until / not … until 意为“直到……才……”; not only … but also …意为“不但……而且……”; not a few ( = many )意为“很多”; not a little ( = very, much )意为“很”或“非常”。例如:
  ① Not until he failed did he realize what mistakes he had made.
  直到失败了他才明白他所犯的错误是什么性质。
  ② After a whole day's work, I was not a little tired.
  过去一整天,我感到很累。
  ( 2 ) not 和某些词语搭配,构成双重否定:
  not … without …没有哪次不; cannot … too …怎么样……都不为过分; not … but …没有……不……; too … not to do sth. 太 / 非常……不会不做某事; not fail to do sth. 成功地做某事; not … rather than …没有……不……。例如:
  ① I cannot see the picture without thinking6 of my mother.
  我每次见到这张相片都想起我的妈妈。
  ② You cannot be too careful while driving.
  开车时你怎么小心都不为过。
  ③ Now there isn't any dictionary but has one or two misprints.
  现在哪本字典都会有一两处印刷错误。
  ④ Xiao Ming is too clever not to avoid7 such mistakes.
  小明很聪明,会避免这种错误的。
  ⑤ He doesn't fail to write to his parents every month.
  他每月都给他的父母写信。
  ⑥ In that school not any lessons are held in languages rather than English.
  在那个学校每门课程都是用英语讲授的。
  2. not 与一些代词连用,表示部分否定:
  not both 或 both … not 意为“并非两者都……”; not every 或 every … not 意为“并非每个都……”; not all 或 all … not 意为“并非全部都……”; not everything 或 everything … not 意为“并非每一件事都……”。例如:
  ① Not both of his parents are at home.
  他的父母并非都在家。
  ② Not everyone in our class likes pop music.
  我们班的同学并非个个都喜欢流行音乐。
  ③ Not all the members of my family are TV lovers8.
  我们家并非人人都爱看电视。
  3. “ not A or B ”表示“不是 A 也不是 B ”;“ not A and B ”表示“不是A和B都···/是A不是B ”;“ not A but B ”表示“不是 A 而是 B ”;“ more A than B ”表示“与其说 B 倒不如说 A ”。例如:
  ① He is not rich or kind. (意为: He is neither rich nor kind. )
  他不富裕也不仁慈。
  ② Not you but he is to blame9 for it.
  不是你而是他将为这件事受到责备。
  ③ He is more uneducated than stupid10.
  与其说他脑子笨倒不如说他没有受过教育。
  三 . not 代替代词。
  一般说来,若是同意或认可对方说的话用 so 来代替,若是不同意或不认可对方的话则用 not 来代替,以避免重复。例如:
  — Do you think it will be fine tomorrow?
  你认为明天天气好吗?
  — I think so.
  我想是这样。
  — I think not. ( = I don't think so. )
  我想天气不会好的。
  四 . not 与 no 的区别:
  1. 词性上的区别: not 只用作副词,而 no 可以用作形容词。比较:
  Now I have no money on me.
  Now I have not any money on me.
  2. 语用上的区别: not 表示一般的否定描述,而 no 则表示强烈的否定意义。例如:
  ( 1 ) He is not a writer.
  他不是作家。
  ( 2 ) He is no writer.
  他决不是作家。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 used ajBwV     
adj.用旧了的,旧的;习惯于…;过去惯/经常
参考例句:
  • I used to work until nearly 6:00 o'clock each day.我过去常常工作到6:00左右。
  • He used to walk anywhere from two to five miles an hour.他过去经常一小时走二至五英里。
2 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
3 silent eEVz8     
adj.安静的,不吵闹的,沉默的,无言的;n.(复数)默剧
参考例句:
  • Immediately on his beginning to speak,everyone was silent.他一讲话,大家顿时安静下来。
  • The boys looked at the conjuror in silent wonder. 孩子们目瞪口呆地看着那魔术师。
4 intended qqczFh     
adj.有意的;预期的n.已订婚者v.打算(intend的过去式和过去分词);意指
参考例句:
  • The books were intended for the edification of the masses. 这些书旨在教化民众。
  • They intended to invest hugely in new technology. 他们打算在新技术方面投入大量资金。
5 doubt gk6zh     
n.怀疑,疑惑;v.怀疑,不信
参考例句:
  • I never doubt his ability.我从不怀疑他的能力。
  • There was little doubt in my mind.我心里几乎没有疑问。
6 thinking ggzz2u     
n.思考,思想;adj.思考的,有理性的;vbl.想,思考
参考例句:
  • All thinking men will protest against it.凡是有思想的人都会抗议这件事。
  • Thinking is mainly performed with words and other symbols.思想主要是用言语和其他符号来表达的。
7 avoid 4Pzyp     
v.避免;vt.避免,逃避
参考例句:
  • You can avoid all kinds of trouble by letting well alone.随遇而安就能避免种种麻烦。
  • I wanted to avoid a meeting with her.我想避免与她会面。
8 lovers 8dae58e3f282b974328d53f96753f4c1     
爱好者( lover的名词复数 ); 情人; 情夫; 情侣
参考例句:
  • They were off-screen lovers. 他们是真实生活中的情侣。
  • Shakespeare's star-crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧和朱丽叶这一对莎士比亚笔下命运多舛的恋人
9 blame YRcyk     
vt.责备,责怪,把…归咎于;n.过错,责任
参考例句:
  • Why don't you blame me?为什么你不责怪我?
  • You have only yourself to blame.你只能怪你自己。
10 stupid ttBwD     
adj.愚蠢的,笨拙的,麻木的,无趣味的;n.傻瓜
参考例句:
  • The boy is too stupid.那个男孩太笨了。
  • He must be really stupid.那他一定很傻。
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