美国向叙利亚派特种部队

 　　PENTAGON—A small team of American ground troops will deploy¹ to northern Syria to assist opposition² groups in the fight against Islamic State militants³.

　　These would be the first U.S. ground forces sent to Syria for more than a raid or a specific mission.

　　The White House said Friday that the president had authorized⁵ fewer than 50 U.S. special operations forces to coordinate⁶ Syrian local fighter movements with the U.S.-led coalition⁷ efforts.

　　The U.S. troops deployed⁸ to Syria will provide "some training, some advice and some assistance" to those fighting IS extremists, White House spokesman Josh Earnest told reporters.

　　"This is an intensification⁹ of a strategy that the president announced more than a year ago," Earnest said, adding that the "core" of the U.S. strategy in Iraq and Syria remained “building the capacity of local forces on the ground.”

　　US Orders Special Operations Forces to Syria

　　'True intent'

　　The U.S. troops will enter Syria in the next few weeks and stay in the country for no more than 60 days at a time, according to a senior defense¹⁰ official. They will be based at a "quasi-headquarters" of local Syrian forces — Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen fighters — to help with tactics, operational planning and logistics.

　　"We need to get on the ground, meet them,” said the senior official. "There's nothing like the face-to-face contact."

　　Another senior U.S. official, speaking in an interview with VOA, said the special operations forces would stay "relatively¹¹ close enough to the border" with Turkey so they could be pulled out quickly if needed.

　　The "true intent" of putting Americans in Syria, he told VOA, is to give the Syrian groups guidance on "basic level planning." There are about 17 tribal¹² factions¹³ striving to remove Islamic State fighters from the militant⁴ group's headquarters in Raqqah. That effort needs coordination¹⁴, he said, and the U.S. forces will be there to help “draw in the sand” how units can move forward as one force against the enemy.

　　A senior defense official said the U.S. troops would not be involved in unilateral U.S. raids or joint¹⁵ raids with Syrian forces. However, she would not rule out the possibility of “adjusting” their role in the future.

　　Russian strikes

　　The decision to place U.S. troops in Syria raises fears of potential attacks not only from Islamic State forces but also from Russian airstrikes. U.S. officials have said Russian warplanes are mainly targeting moderate rebels battling forces of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, but do occasionally hit Islamic State forces.

　　The U.S. special operations group will assist anti-Islamic State Syrian forces who are based away from where Russian planes have struck or would need to strike, according to a senior defense official.

　　"I think the Russians have quite significant visibility on what happens in and around Syria," she said. "That became very, very clear during our negotiations¹⁶ over these safety protocols¹⁷."

　　The official added that the United States had not notified the Russians where U.S. troops will operate — nor did it plan to communicate to Russia their location in northern Syria — but would be "open" to potentially talking to the Russians if it was needed to keep the Americans safe.

　　More warplanes to Turkey

　　The U.S. is also increasing its air power over Syria, sending more warplanes to NATO's Incirlik Airbase in Turkey.

　　“We are looking at some increases to the capabilities¹⁸ at Incirlik,” General Philip Breedlove, the top military officer at NATO and the commander of U.S. European Command, told reporters Friday at the Pentagon ahead of the White House announcement.

　　While details are still being discussed, the additions at Incirlik will “provide some increased support” to the anti-IS mission, according to Breedlove.

　　A senior defense official said 12 A-10 warplanes have already arrived at Incirlik, with the hope of adding about a dozen F-15 warplanes there. The goal is to “thicken air operations in northern Syria” with more planes and more intelligence assets developing targets, she said.

　　Members of the IS extremist group have become infamous¹⁹ for their beheadings and other brutal²⁰ tactics aimed at indiscriminate targets, including other Muslims who do not share their beliefs. The group's leaders have said their intent is to establish an Islamic "caliphate" and to maximize the territory it controls in the Middle East.

　　Iraq task force

　　Reporters at the White House were told that President Barack Obama additionally approved consultations²¹ with Iraqi leaders to establish a special operations task force to bolster²² efforts aimed at defeating IS leaders and networks.

　　The move will first require Iraqi approval and will not be considered a “serious enhancement,” according to a senior defense official.

　　The official said the U.S. is also increasing assistance in Iraq through combined arms training, breaching²³ training and providing counter-IED (improvised explosive device) equipment to Iraqi forces.

　　'Good progress' vs ‘dangerous downward slope’

　　The White House said the U.S. has made "good progress" in Iraq and Syria when working closely with effective partners on the ground, and now has enhanced its ability to partner with those forces.

　　As the United States increases its military effort against Islamic State, officials stressed that increased diplomatic efforts also are underway to reach a political solution in Syria — including the current multinational²⁴ talks in Vienna, where Secretary of State John Kerry has been meeting with diplomats²⁵ from Iran and Russia, the two main allies of Assad.

　　Congressional Democrats²⁶ and Republicans criticized Friday’s decision to send 50 U.S. troops into Syria.

　　Democratic Senator Chris Murphy of Connecticut, a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said the decision was a big shift in policy that could place the U.S. on a “potentially dangerous downward slope into a civil war with no end in sight.''

　　Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, called the move an “insufficient step.”

　　“Such grudging²⁷ incrementalism is woefully inadequate²⁸ to the scale of the challenge we face,” McCain said.

1 deploy   

v.（军）散开成战斗队形，布置，展开

参考例句：

• The infantry began to deploy at dawn.步兵黎明时开始进入战斗位置。
• The president said he had no intention of deploying ground troops.总统称并不打算部署地面部队。

2 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

3 militants   

激进分子，好斗分子( militant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The militants have been sporadically fighting the government for years. 几年来，反叛分子一直对政府实施零星的战斗。
• Despite the onslaught, Palestinian militants managed to fire off rockets. 尽管如此，巴勒斯坦的激进分子仍然发射导弹。

4 militant   

adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
• He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。

5 authorized   

a.委任的，许可的

参考例句：

• An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。

6 coordinate   

adj.同等的，协调的；n.同等者；vt.协作，协调

参考例句：

• You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
• Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。

7 coalition   

n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合

参考例句：

• The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
• Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。

8 deployed   

（尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用

参考例句：

• Tanks have been deployed all along the front line. 沿整个前线已部署了坦克。
• The artillery was deployed to bear on the fort. 火炮是对着那个碉堡部署的。

9 intensification   

n.激烈化，增强明暗度；加厚

参考例句：

• The intensification of the immunological response represents the body's natural defense. 增强免疫反应代表身体的自然保卫。 来自辞典例句
• Agriculture in the developing nations is not irreversibly committed, to a particular pattern of intensification. 发展中国家的农业并没有完全为某种集约化形式所束缚。 来自辞典例句

10 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

11 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

12 tribal   

adj.部族的，种族的

参考例句：

• He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
• The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。

13 factions   

组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The gens also lives on in the "factions." 氏族此外还继续存在于“factions〔“帮”〕中。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源
• rival factions within the administration 政府中的对立派别

14 coordination   

n.协调，协作

参考例句：

• Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
• The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好，使演出更具魅力。

15 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

16 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

17 protocols   

n.礼仪( protocol的名词复数 )；（外交条约的）草案；（数据传递的）协议；科学实验报告（或计划）

参考例句：

• There are also protocols on the testing of nuclear weapons. 也有关于核武器试验的协议。 来自辞典例句
• Hardware components and software design of network transport protocols are separately introduced. 介绍系统硬件组成及网络传输协议的软件设计。 来自互联网

18 capabilities   

n.能力( capability的名词复数 )；可能；容量；[复数]潜在能力

参考例句：

• He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大，自视甚高。 来自辞典例句
• Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为，标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

19 infamous   

adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的

参考例句：

• He was infamous for his anti-feminist attitudes.他因反对女性主义而声名狼藉。
• I was shocked by her infamous behaviour.她的无耻行径令我震惊。

20 brutal   

adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的

参考例句：

• She has to face the brutal reality.她不得不去面对冷酷的现实。
• They're brutal people behind their civilised veneer.他们表面上温文有礼，骨子里却是野蛮残忍。

21 consultations   

n.磋商（会议）( consultation的名词复数 )；商讨会；协商会；查找

参考例句：

• Consultations can be arranged at other times by appointment. 磋商可以通过预约安排在其他时间。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Consultations are under way. 正在进行磋商。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

22 bolster   

n.枕垫；v.支持，鼓励

参考例句：

• The high interest rates helped to bolster up the economy.高利率使经济更稳健。
• He tried to bolster up their morale.他尽力鼓舞他们的士气。

23 breaching   

攻破( breach的过去式 )； 破坏，违反

参考例句：

• The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act. 这家公司被控违反《卫生安全条例》。
• Third, an agency can abuse its discretion by breaching certain principles of judge-made law. 第三，行政机关会因违反某些法官制定的法律原则而构成滥用自由裁量权。

24 multinational   

adj.多国的，多种国籍的；n.多国籍公司，跨国公司

参考例句：

• The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.这家公司被一个跨国咨询公司收购。
• He analyzed the relationship between multinational corporations and under-developed countries.他分析了跨国公司和不发达国家之间的关系。

25 diplomats   

n.外交官( diplomat的名词复数 )；有手腕的人，善于交际的人

参考例句：

• These events led to the expulsion of senior diplomats from the country. 这些事件导致一些高级外交官被驱逐出境。
• The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对驻本国的外交官无裁判权。 来自《简明英汉词典》

26 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

27 grudging   

adj.勉强的，吝啬的

参考例句：

• He felt a grudging respect for her talents as an organizer.他勉强地对她的组织才能表示尊重。
• After a pause he added"sir."in a dilatory,grudging way.停了一会他才慢吞吞地、勉勉强强地加了一声“先生”。

28 inadequate   

adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的

参考例句：

• The supply is inadequate to meet the demand.供不应求。
• She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her.她还无力满足对她提出的各项要求。