莫迪印度梦 时隔两年大盘点

 Narendra Modi’s sweeping¹ victory in the May 2014 Indian general election prompted jubilation² among his Hindu supporters in Varanasi, the northern city on the Ganges he had chosen as his parliamentary seat.

纳伦德拉?莫迪(Narendra Modi)在2014年5月印度大选中大获全胜让瓦拉纳西(Varanasi)的印度教支持者欢欣鼓舞。瓦拉纳西是印度北方邦的一座城市，位于恒河河畔，莫迪选择该市作为其议会席位所在地。

The energetic leader of the nationalist Bharatiya Janata party seemed to usher³ in a radical⁴ change from the sclerotic Congress government he had deposed⁵, promising⁶ jobs for the young, toilets for the poor and economic reforms for investors⁸ and entrepreneurs.

这位精力充沛的民族主义政党人民党(Bharatiya Janata)的领导人似乎发起了一场激进的改革，以摆脱被他赶下台的国大党(Congress)政府留下的僵化形象。他承诺为年轻人创造就业机会，为穷人修建厕所，为投资者和企业家推行经济改革。

Two years on, and even Mr Modi’s supporters in Uttar Pradesh, the country’s most populous⁹ state, are beginning to wonder if the prime minister will be able to achieve half of what he has pledged — whether the target is a clean-up of the polluted Ganges or the revival¹⁰ of Indian manufacturing.

两年过去了，即便是莫迪在北方邦的支持者也开始怀疑他能否实现当年承诺的一半，无论具体目标是清理遭受污染的恒河还是振兴印度制造业。北方邦是印度人口最多的一个邦。

“Modi’s a realist,” says one retired¹¹ banker in Varanasi, “but he hasn’t achieved anything yet. People say he needs more time.”

瓦拉纳西的一位退休银行家表示：“莫迪是一个务实的人，但他迄今没有实现任何目标。人们说他需要更多时间。”

Higher up the Ganges in Kanpur, the industrial city once known as the Manchester of India, business leaders say the erratic¹² supply of electricity has improved slightly. But there are few new jobs for the 1m or so young Indians who enter the workforce¹³ each month: lack of power, the difficulty of acquiring land, restrictive labour laws and constant interference by bureaucratic¹⁴ and corrupt¹⁵ government inspectors¹⁶ have made sure of that.

在恒河上游的工业城市坎普尔(Kanpur)——这里一度被称为印度的曼彻斯特——企业领导人表示，电力供应不稳定问题略有改善。但每月进入职场的大约100万年轻人很难找到新的工作：电力匮乏、难以获得土地、限制性的劳动法以及官僚和腐败的政府巡视员的持续干预，差不多确保了这种局面。

“Definitely his vision is perfectly¹⁷ OK,” I.M. Rohatgi, who runs an education business and heads the Merchants’ Chamber¹⁸ of Uttar Pradesh, says of Mr Modi. “But the implementation¹⁹ is taking time.”

经营着一家教育企业的北方邦商人商会(Merchants’ Chamber of Uttar Pradesh)会长I?M?罗哈吉(I.M. Rohatgi)在谈到莫迪时表示：“他的愿景无疑很美好，但在实施上有点费时。”

Before he took office, Mr Modi’s liberal enemies feared he would become a powerful, authoritarian²⁰ prime minister who would impose or allow his religious backers to impose fundamentalist Hinduism on India’s heterogeneous²¹ population.

在莫迪上台之前，他的自由派对手担心他会成为一名强势的威权总理，把正统的印度教强加、或允许其宗教支持者强加给印度的多元化人口。

There has been some of that. One Muslim businessman in Kanpur said he was worried about “intolerance” following the lynching of a man in Uttar Pradesh on suspicion that he had eaten beef (cows are holy to Hindus).

迄今有一些这方面的例子。坎普尔的一名穆斯林商人表示，在北方邦的一名男子因被怀疑吃牛肉（对印度教徒来说，牛是神圣不可侵犯的）而被处以私刑之后，他对这种“不宽容”感到担忧。

P. Chidambaram, a Congress leader and former finance minister, says the government is “on a dangerous path” of promoting polarisation, while the BJP’s Arun Shourie, a disenchanted former confidant of Mr Modi, laments²² the “intimidation and silencing” of the government’s critics.

国大党领导人、前财政部长帕拉尼亚潘?奇丹巴拉姆(P. Chidambaram)表示，莫迪政府“正走在鼓励两极化的危险道路之上”，而曾经是莫迪密友、如今幻想破灭的阿伦?绍里耶(Arun Shourie)哀叹政府方面“恐吓和噤声”批评者的行为。

Yet the principal complaint about Mr Modi is not that he is a domineering Hindu puritan but that he has failed to do much for economic development.

然而，对莫迪的主要抱怨并非他是一名霸道的印度教清教徒，而是他未能在经济发展方面有很大作为。

“His concept of development is a few large, shining and conspicuous²³ projects,” says Mr Shourie, referring to such Modi-led campaigns as “Make in India” and “Digital India”. Or, as Mr Chidambaram puts it: “Where are the jobs?”

绍里耶表示：“他对发展的理念是搞一些光鲜靓丽、引人注目的大型项目，”他指的是莫迪发起的“印度制造”和“数字印度”等宣传造势活动。或者正如奇丹巴拉姆所言：“就业机会在哪里？”

Business leaders say it is unfair to suggest that nothing has been achieved, although few of them would agree with Jayant Sinha, minister of state for finance and a former McKinsey partner, when he says “we are fundamentally changing the nature of Indian capitalism” to help entrepreneurs.

企业领导人表示，说莫迪一事无成是不公平的，尽管他们很少有人赞同印度财政国务部长、麦肯锡(McKinsey)前合伙人贾扬特?辛哈(Jayant Sinha)的观点，后者表示，“我们正在从根本上改变印度资本主义的特质”以帮助企业家。

On Mr Modi’s watch, India has accelerated road-building, invested in the ageing rail network, launched an ambitious solar power plan, opened accounts for more than 200m previously²⁴ unbanked Indians, and increased the foreign investment limits for sectors²⁵ ranging from insurance to defence manufacturing.

在莫迪执政期间，印度加快了道路建设、投资改造老旧的铁路网络、启动了雄心勃勃的太阳能发电计划、为2亿多此前没有银行账户的印度居民开立了银行账户，并上调了从保险到军工制造等行业的外国投资上限。

But it has failed to repeal²⁶ the previous government’s retroactive tax law, which has targeted Vodafone and Cairn Energy among others and sapped investor⁷ confidence. Nor has it so far been able to break the grip of the Congress party on the upper house of parliament to enact²⁷ a long-awaited goods and services tax that would benefit business and the economy by turning India into a single market.

但是，莫迪政府未能废止上一届政府出台的追溯税法，该法针对沃达丰(Vodafone)和凯恩能源(Cairn Energy)等公司，削弱了投资者信心。莫迪政府迄今也未能打破国大党对上议院的掌控，以通过外界期待已久的征收商品和服务税的议案。该税种将让印度变成一个单一市场，从而让企业和经济受益。

Mr Modi also faces intense resistance to change from Indian bureaucrats²⁸ and is undermined by ineffective cabinet ministers he seems unwilling²⁹ to sack. He sometimes finds his initiatives blocked by state governments — such as that of Uttar Pradesh — controlled by parties other than the BJP. Banks are constrained³⁰ from new lending by a mountain of bad loans for infrastructure³¹ and industry dating back to previous administrations.

莫迪还面临印度官僚体制对变革的强烈抵制，而且被某些他似乎不愿撤换的低效的内阁部长拖了后腿。他有时发现自己的举措受到由人民党以外政党控制的邦政府（比如北方邦的政府）阻挠。与此同时，可追溯到前几届政府的基础设施以及其他行业累积的大量不良贷款，限制了银行发放新贷款的能力。

Priyankar Upadhyaya, a political scientist at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, says Mr Modi “desperately” wants economic development and finds himself stuck in a “trap of expectations” set by hopeful voters.

瓦拉纳西贝拿勒斯印度教大学(Banaras Hindu University)的政治学家普利杨卡尔?乌帕德亚雅(Priyankar Upadhyaya)表示，莫迪“迫切”希望发展经济，结果发现自己陷入了满怀希望的选民设置的“期望陷阱”。

“He knows that in 2019 [the year of the next general election] people are going to look at these issues.”

“他知道，在2019年（下一个大选年）人民将会关注这些问题。”

Mr Modi has already been distracted from government by state elections, including one next year in Uttar Pradesh, whose 200m inhabitants make it politically the most important in the union.

莫迪已经被邦的选举搞得分心，包括明年北方邦将举行的选举，那里有2亿居民，这让该邦成为联邦内在政治上最重要的地区。

“I think he really wants to bring about change,” says Prof Upadhyaya. “But the problem is that the system on which he depends is mired³² with issues.”

乌帕德亚雅表示：“我认为他真的想有所作为，但问题在于，他所依赖的体制深陷各种问题的泥潭。”

For Harsh Pati Singhania, director of JK Organisation³³, a family-controlled industrial conglomerate³⁴ centred on Kanpur, the Modi government is on the right course but needs to focus on implementing³⁵ its plans.

对坎普尔家族企业集团JK Organisation的总监哈施?帕蒂?辛哈尼亚(Harsh Pati Singhania)来说，莫迪政府的方向是正确的，但需要专注于落实自己的计划。

“India,” he says, “for any government or administration is not so easy to govern.”

他说，“对任何政府或行政当局来说，印度都不是那么容易管治的。”

1 sweeping   

adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的

参考例句：

• The citizens voted for sweeping reforms.公民投票支持全面的改革。
• Can you hear the wind sweeping through the branches?你能听到风掠过树枝的声音吗？

2 jubilation   

n.欢庆，喜悦

参考例句：

• The goal was greeted by jubilation from the home fans.主场球迷为进球欢呼。
• The whole city was a scene of jubilation.全市一片欢腾。

3 usher   

n.带位员，招待员；vt.引导，护送；vi.做招待，担任引座员

参考例句：

• The usher seated us in the front row.引座员让我们在前排就座。
• They were quickly ushered away.他们被迅速领开。

4 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

5 deposed   

v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证

参考例句：

• The president was deposed in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被废黜。
• The head of state was deposed by the army. 国家元首被军队罢免了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

7 investor   

n.投资者，投资人

参考例句：

• My nephew is a cautious investor.我侄子是个小心谨慎的投资者。
• The investor believes that his investment will pay off handsomely soon.这个投资者相信他的投资不久会有相当大的收益。

8 investors   

n.投资者，出资者( investor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
• a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会

9 populous   

adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的

参考例句：

• London is the most populous area of Britain.伦敦是英国人口最稠密的地区。
• China is the most populous developing country in the world.中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家。

10 revival   

n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振

参考例句：

• The period saw a great revival in the wine trade.这一时期葡萄酒业出现了很大的复苏。
• He claimed the housing market was showing signs of a revival.他指出房地产市场正出现复苏的迹象。

11 retired   

adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的

参考例句：

• The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
• Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。

12 erratic   

adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的

参考例句：

• The old man had always been cranky and erratic.那老头儿性情古怪,反复无常。
• The erratic fluctuation of market prices is in consequence of unstable economy.经济波动致使市场物价忽起忽落。

13 workforce   

n.劳动大军，劳动力

参考例句：

• A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.劳动人口中一大部分受雇于农业。
• A quarter of the local workforce is unemployed.本地劳动力中有四分之一失业。

14 bureaucratic   

adj.官僚的，繁文缛节的

参考例句：

• The sweat of labour washed away his bureaucratic airs.劳动的汗水冲掉了他身上的官气。
• In this company you have to go through complex bureaucratic procedures just to get a new pencil.在这个公司里即使是领一支新铅笔，也必须通过繁琐的手续。

15 corrupt   

v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的

参考例句：

• The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
• This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。

16 inspectors   

n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官

参考例句：

• They got into the school in the guise of inspectors. 他们假装成视察员进了学校。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Inspectors checked that there was adequate ventilation. 检查员已检查过，通风良好。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 perfectly   

adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
• Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。

18 chamber   

n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所

参考例句：

• For many,the dentist's surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说，牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。
• The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。

19 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

20 authoritarian   

n./adj.专制(的)，专制主义者，独裁主义者

参考例句：

• Foreign diplomats suspect him of authoritarian tendencies.各国外交官怀疑他有着独裁主义倾向。
• The authoritarian policy wasn't proved to be a success.独裁主义的政策证明并不成功。

21 heterogeneous   

adj.庞杂的；异类的

参考例句：

• There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。
• America has a very heterogeneous population.美国人口是由不同种族组成的。

22 laments   

n.悲恸，哀歌，挽歌( lament的名词复数 )v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• In the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside. 在那首诗里他对乡村遭到的破坏流露出悲哀。
• In this book he laments the slight interest shown in his writings. 在该书中他慨叹人们对他的著作兴趣微弱。 来自辞典例句

23 conspicuous   

adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的

参考例句：

• It is conspicuous that smoking is harmful to health.很明显，抽烟对健康有害。
• Its colouring makes it highly conspicuous.它的色彩使它非常惹人注目。

24 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

25 sectors   

n.部门( sector的名词复数 )；领域；防御地区；扇形

参考例句：

• Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

26 repeal   

n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消

参考例句：

• He plans to repeal a number of current policies.他计划废除一些当前的政策。
• He has made out a strong case for the repeal of the law.他提出强有力的理由，赞成废除该法令。

27 enact   

vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演

参考例句：

• The U.S. Congress has exclusive authority to enact federal legislation.美国国会是唯一有权颁布联邦法律的。
• For example,a country can enact laws and economic policies to attract foreign investment fairly quickly.例如一个国家可以很快颁布吸引外资的法令和经济政策。

28 bureaucrats   

n.官僚( bureaucrat的名词复数 )；官僚主义；官僚主义者；官僚语言

参考例句：

• That is the fate of the bureaucrats, not the inspiration of statesmen. 那是官僚主义者的命运，而不是政治家的灵感。 来自辞典例句
• Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan's top elected leaders. 大企业和许多不知名的官僚同日本选举出来的最高层领导者们的权力一样大。 来自辞典例句

29 unwilling   

adj.不情愿的

参考例句：

• The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
• His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。

30 constrained   

adj.束缚的,节制的

参考例句：

• The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服，他觉得不得不接受。
• I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。

31 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

32 mired   

abbr.microreciprocal degree 迈尔德（色温单位）v.深陷( mire的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The country was mired in recession. 这个国家陷入了经济衰退的困境。
• The most brilliant leadership can be mired in detail. 最有才干的领导也会陷于拘泥琐事的困境中。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

33 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。

34 conglomerate   

n.综合商社，多元化集团公司

参考例句：

• The firm has been taken over by an American conglomerate.该公司已被美国一企业集团接管。
• An American conglomerate holds a major share in the company.一家美国的大联合企业持有该公司的大部分股份。

35 implementing   

v.实现( implement的现在分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
• He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句