美文串记考研词汇 环境问题——全球面临的挑战

The Environment—A Global Challenge

环境问题——全球面临的挑战

Have you ever seen bald stumps¹ flanked on sides of highroads, plastic bags flapping in the wind, or black smoke ejecting from factory chimneys? Do you think of animals that are on the verge² (brim) of extinction³? But what's the cause of all these phenomena⁴?

你是否看见过公路两旁光秃秃的树桩、风中飘动的塑料袋、工厂的烟囱中喷出的黑烟?你是否想到过濒临灭绝的动物?那么这一切是由什么引起的呢?

As is well known, with the development of modern industry and transportation, there are more and more kinds of harmful substances discharged consecutively⁵ to atmosphere. Chemical reactions among those substances foul⁶ the air quality of cities to be even worse, which incur⁷ the great qualitative⁸ change of atmospheric⁹ constituents¹⁰. Nearly every metropolitan¹¹ inhabitant is exposed to the air pollution.

众所周知，随着现代工业和交通运输的发展，向大气中排放有害物质的种类越来越多。污染物质之间的相互化学反应使城市的空气质量更加恶劣，并引起大气成分急剧地发生着质的变化。在大都市生活的人几乎都在遭受着空气污染的危害。

It is notable that China has become one of the most serious air polluted countries in the world. The coverage¹² of air polluted cities expands gradually. An authoritative¹³ census¹⁴ of the United Nations manifested that about 400,000 casualties were incurred¹⁵ by annual air pollution in the year 2000. Nowadays, in the aggregate¹⁶ there are 30 most serious air polluted cities in the world (inclusive of 16 cities in China).

值得注意的是，我国已成为世界上大气污染最严重的国家之一，污染城市范围不断扩大。2000年，联合国的一份权威报告指出，每年因为空气污染而导致40万人死亡。如今，世界上30个空气污染最严重的城市中，有16个都在中国。

Automobile¹⁷ drainage is a major cause of air pollution, whose most serious damage is that it generates photochemical smog which can cause the death of vegetation, prune¹⁸ crop yield, reduce atmosphere visibility and even preclude¹⁹ the traffic.

汽车尾气可谓是大气污染的“元凶”之一。汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。光化学烟雾能使草木枯死，农作物大量减产；降低大气的能见度，妨碍交通。

Air pollution might destroy the ozone²⁰ layer, which will block off the ultraviolet rays. The hole in the ozone layer will lead to creatures on the Earth be exposed to radioactive materials. Furthermore, other consequences of air pollution becomes more and more serious. For example, the lower atmosphere visibility, more rapidly degenerated²¹ forests, snowstorms and so on.

臭氧层可以阻挡紫外线，但大气污染会破坏臭氧层。没有了这个屏障，地球上的生物将受到放射线的威胁。而且，大气污染还带来其他的危害，后果越来越严重，比如大气能见度低、森林迅速退化和暴风雪灾害等。

In addition, environmental problem varies. Penguins²², who live in polar region, might suffer from greenhouse effect! Drought and hurricane might be caused by ecological²³ damage.

另外，现在的环境问题呈现多样性。极地地区的企鹅可能会受到温室效应的危害!干旱和飓风也可能是由生态破坏引起的!

In general, preventing the environment from being polluted is not only the liability of related departments but also the compulsory²⁴ liability of us without any pretext²⁵ at all. We should make a long-term view and adopt the optimum, effective yet economical salvation²⁶, dedicating ourselves to forestation and purifying the air. Let us hold our hands together and cherish our invaluable²⁷ environment.

总而言之，保护环境不仅是有关部门的职责，也是我们每个人不可推卸的责任。我们应该把目光放得更远一些，采取最佳有效而且经济的措施，投身于绿化造林，净化空气的行列中。让我们携起手共同保护我们珍贵的环境。

If we soberly think about the reciprocal relation between human beings and the environment, we would discover how absurd of men to undermine the environment despite consequences! If we continue to give a free hand to environmental problems without any intervention²⁸, human health would be under the menace of environmental pollution. We should protect our environment with our handy ability, heighten the consciousness of environmental protection and seek a practicable way to preclude disrupting ecology. For example, not throwing cigarette foils on meadow or beaches; planting a tree every year; recycling foams²⁹ and industrial scraps³⁰. We should also seek for a suitable clearances³¹ method on our household waste such as junks or litters in our home. We hope that fish would return into brooks³², forests would again cover the mountains and highlands, and people all over the world would live in a clean environment in the future.

如果冷静地思考人类和环境之间的相互关系，我们会发现人类为了眼前利益不顾一切地破坏环境是多么的可笑!如果不加干涉地发展下去，人为造成的环境破坏将危及人民的健康。我们应该用自己力所能及的行动保护环境，必须加强环保意识，寻求一种可行的方式防止生态遭受破坏......例如不要在草地或海边乱扔烟头、每年植一棵树、循环利用泡沫材料和工业废料等等。我们还应该寻求一种更好的办法来清理家中产生的废旧杂物和垃圾。我们盼望鱼儿重新回到河中，高山丘陵布满森林，全世界人民生活在清洁的环境中。

1 stumps   

（被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分

参考例句：

• Rocks and stumps supplied the place of chairs at the picnic. 野餐时石头和树桩都充当了椅子。
• If you don't stir your stumps, Tom, you'll be late for school again. 汤姆，如果你不快走，上学又要迟到了。

2 verge   

n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• She was on the verge of bursting into tears.她快要哭出来了。

3 extinction   

n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种

参考例句：

• The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
• The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。

4 phenomena   

n.现象

参考例句：

• Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
• The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。

5 consecutively   

adv.连续地

参考例句：

• He was actually too depleted to think consecutively about anything. 他已经打不起一点精神，根本谈不上好好思考一下。 来自辞典例句
• In any game, the right to serve shall pass consecutively. 在一局中，不错的发球挨次应该是。 来自互联网

6 foul   

adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规

参考例句：

• Take off those foul clothes and let me wash them.脱下那些脏衣服让我洗一洗。
• What a foul day it is!多么恶劣的天气！

7 incur   

vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇

参考例句：

• Any costs that you incur will be reimbursed in full.你的所有花费都将全额付还。
• An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.一个企业为了维持营业,就不得不承担一定的费用和开支。

8 qualitative   

adj.性质上的，质的，定性的

参考例句：

• There are qualitative differences in the way children and adults think.孩子和成年人的思维方式有质的不同。
• Arms races have a quantitative and a qualitative aspects.军备竞赛具有数量和质量两个方面。

9 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

10 constituents   

n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素

参考例句：

• She has the full support of her constituents. 她得到本区选民的全力支持。
• Hydrogen and oxygen are the constituents of water. 氢和氧是水的主要成分。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 metropolitan   

adj.大城市的，大都会的

参考例句：

• Metropolitan buildings become taller than ever.大城市的建筑变得比以前更高。
• Metropolitan residents are used to fast rhythm.大都市的居民习惯于快节奏。

12 coverage   

n.报导，保险范围，保险额，范围，覆盖

参考例句：

• There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
• This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。

13 authoritative   

adj.有权威的，可相信的；命令式的；官方的

参考例句：

• David speaks in an authoritative tone.大卫以命令的口吻说话。
• Her smile was warm but authoritative.她的笑容很和蔼，同时又透着威严。

14 census   

n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查

参考例句：

• A census of population is taken every ten years.人口普查每10年进行一次。
• The census is taken one time every four years in our country.我国每四年一次人口普查。

15 incurred   

[医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式

参考例句：

• She had incurred the wrath of her father by marrying without his consent 她未经父亲同意就结婚，使父亲震怒。
• We will reimburse any expenses incurred. 我们将付还所有相关费用。

16 aggregate   

adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合

参考例句：

• The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
• The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。

17 automobile   

n.汽车，机动车

参考例句：

• He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
• The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。

18 prune   

n.酶干；vt.修剪，砍掉，削减；vi.删除

参考例句：

• Will you prune away the unnecessary adjectives in the passage?把这段文字中不必要的形容词删去好吗？
• It is our job to prune the side branches of these trees.我们的工作就是修剪这些树的侧枝。

19 preclude   

vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍

参考例句：

• We try to preclude any possibility of misunderstanding.我们努力排除任何误解的可能性。
• My present finances preclude the possibility of buying a car.按我目前的财务状况我是不可能买车的。

20 ozone   

n.臭氧，新鲜空气

参考例句：

• The ozone layer is a protective layer around the planet Earth.臭氧层是地球的保护层。
• The capacity of ozone can adjust according of requirement.臭氧的产量可根据需要或调节。

21 degenerated   

衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The march degenerated into a riot. 示威游行变成了暴动。
• The wide paved road degenerated into a narrow bumpy track. 铺好的宽阔道路渐渐变窄，成了一条崎岖不平的小径。

22 penguins   

n.企鹅( penguin的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Why can penguins live in cold environment? 为什么企鹅能生活在寒冷的环境中？ 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Whales, seals, penguins, and turtles have flippers. 鲸、海豹，企鹅和海龟均有鳍形肢。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

23 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

24 compulsory   

n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的

参考例句：

• Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗？
• Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。

25 pretext   

n.借口，托词

参考例句：

• He used his headache as a pretext for not going to school.他借口头疼而不去上学。
• He didn't attend that meeting under the pretext of sickness.他以生病为借口，没参加那个会议。

26 salvation   

n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困

参考例句：

• Salvation lay in political reform.解救办法在于政治改革。
• Christians hope and pray for salvation.基督教徒希望并祈祷灵魂得救。

27 invaluable   

adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的

参考例句：

• A computer would have been invaluable for this job.一台计算机对这个工作的作用会是无法估计的。
• This information was invaluable to him.这个消息对他来说是非常宝贵的。

28 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

29 foams   

n.泡沫，泡沫材料( foam的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sea water foams under the bow. 海水在船首下面泛起浪花。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The meter handles gases, liquids, foams, and slurries. 这流量计可以处理气体，液体，泡沫状物和稀浆等。 来自辞典例句

30 scraps   

油渣

参考例句：

• Don't litter up the floor with scraps of paper. 不要在地板上乱扔纸屑。
• A patchwork quilt is a good way of using up scraps of material. 做杂拼花布棉被是利用零碎布料的好办法。

31 clearances   

清除( clearance的名词复数 )； 许可； （录用或准许接触机密以前的）审查许可； 净空

参考例句：

• But I can't get to him without clearances. 但是没有证明我就没法见到他。
• The bridge and the top of the bus was only ten clearances. 桥与公共汽车车顶之间的间隙只有十厘米。

32 brooks   

n.小溪( brook的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Brooks gave the business when Haas caught him with his watch. 哈斯抓到偷他的手表的布鲁克斯时，狠狠地揍了他一顿。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Ade and Brooks exchanged blows yesterday and they were severely punished today. 艾德和布鲁克斯昨天打起来了，今天他们受到严厉的惩罚。 来自《简明英汉词典》