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  • 美国学生人类历史 第148期:教皇与皇帝之争(4)

    In the year 1059 this had been changed. 不过到公元1059年,情况发生了变化。 By a decree of Pope Nicholas II the principal priests and deacons of the churches in and around Rome were organised into the so-called College of Cardinals, 根据...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第147期:教皇与皇帝之争(3)

    It was never easy to give the correct answer. 给出正确的答案真是挺困难的。 When the Emperor happened to be a man of energy and was sufficiently well provided with money to organise an army, 有时皇帝碰巧是位精力充沛的政治强...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第146期:教皇与皇帝之争(2)

    The people of the early Middle Ages never saw a textbook of Roman history. 中世纪的人们从未读过任何一本有关罗马历史的教科书。 They were ignorant of many things which every school-boy today knows before he has entered the thir...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第145期:教皇与皇帝之争(1)

    Chapter 33 Pope vs. emperor 第三十三章 教皇与皇帝之争 The strange double loyalty of the people of the middle ages and how it led to endless quarrels between the popes and the holy roman emperors 中世纪人民奇特的双重效忠制度,...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第144期:骑士精神(3)

    Like all human institutions, Knighthood was doomed to perish as soon as it had outlived its usefulness. 像所有的人类制度一样,骑士制度一旦衰老无用,它便注定了灭亡的命运。 The crusades, about which one of the next chap...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第143期:骑士精神(2)

    A young knight therefore was asked to swear that he would be faithful as a servant to God and as a servant to his King. 因此,一个年轻骑士起誓,他将永远做上帝忠实的仆人,同时也将终其一生忠心耿耿侍奉他的国王。...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第142期:骑士精神(1)

    Chapter 32 Chivalry 第三十二章 骑士精神 It was quite natural that the professional fighting-men of the Middle Ages should try to establish some sort of organisation for their mutual benefit and protection. 欧洲中世纪的职业战士会尝试...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第141期:封建制度(4)

    He looked after the dikes so that the countryside should not be flooded 他还担当着照看水坝的职责,以免四周的乡野受洪水之患 (just as the first noblemen had done in the valley of the Nile four thousand years before). (就像4...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第140期:封建制度(3)

    These dukes and counts and barons had sworn to be faithful to the king who had given them their feudum (hence our word feudal,) 这些公爵、伯爵、男爵们统统宣誓效忠于封邑 的国王(封邑为feudum,这也是封建制(feudal)一...

  • 美国学生人类历史 第139期:封建制度(2)

    Unfortunately the power of the kings of France did not stretch beyond the moat of their royal residence, 不过很不幸的是,法兰西国王的权力从没能越出他们皇家居住地的城堡之外, while the Holy Roman Emperor was openly de...

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