Meanwhile the German chieftain, the Frankish Baron, the Northman Duke (or whatever their names and titles) 同时，那些日尔曼酋长、法兰克男爵或诺曼底大公们（或者是别的什么头衔和称号的贵族）， occupied their shar...
Chapter 35 The Mediaeval city 第三十五章 中世纪的城市 Why the people of the middle ages said that city air is free air 为什么中世纪的人们会说，城市的空气是充满自由的空气。 The early part of the Middle Ages had bee...
Of course, it would never do to say this openly. 当然，谁也不会把这些情绪公开流露出来。 But when the Crusader returned home, he was likely to imitate the manners which he had learned from his heathenish foe, compared to whom the av...
During the next two centuries, seven other crusades took place. 在接下来的两个世纪里，欧洲人又发动了另外七次东征。 Gradually the Crusaders learned the technique of the trip. 十字军战士们逐渐学会了前往亚洲的旅行...
The first Crusade, a wild mob of honest Christians, defaulting bankrupts, penniless noblemen and fugitives from justice, 第一支十字军是由诚实的基督徒、无力履行义务的破产者、穷困潦倒的没落贵族以及逃避法庭制裁的...
Pope Urban II, a Frenchman from Reims, who had been educated at the same famous cloister of Cluny which had trained Gregory VII, thought that the time had come for action. 当时在位的是教皇乌尔班二世。此人生于法国的雷姆斯，在格...
Chapter 34 The crusades 第三十四章 十宇军东征 But all these different quarrels were forgotten when the Turks took the holy land, desecrated the holy places and interfered seriously with the trade from east to west. 当土耳其人夺取圣地...
This led to more warfare. 这当然引发了更多的争端。 Conrad V, the son of Conrad IV, and the last of the Hohenstaufens, tried to regain the kingdom, and was defeated and decapitated at Naples. 霍亨施陶芬家族的最后一位继承人，康...
The Hohenstaufen family which got hold of the Imperial German Throne shortly afterwards, were even more independent than their predecessors. 不久之后，夺取了德意志帝国皇位的霍亨施陶芬家族变得比他们的前任更为独立，更...
The Pope answered with excommunication and a demand that the German princes rid themselves of their unworthy ruler. 格利高里的回答是将亨利四世逐出教会，并号召德意志的王公们驱逐这位德行败坏、不配为人君主的国王...
