Chapter 31 Feudalism 第三十一章 封建制度 How central Europe, attacked from sides, become an armed camp 欧洲中部受到来自三个方向的敌人威胁，变成了地道的大兵营。 and why Europe would have perished without those prof...
The Danes had been driven away and now (it was early in the eleventh century) another Saxon king, Edward the Confessor, was on the throne. 丹麦人终于被赶走，一个撒克逊人做了国王，他被叫做忏悔者爱德华。 But Edward was no...
The Northmen were very intelligent They soon learned to speak the language of their subjects and gave up the uncivilised ways of the early Vikings 这些北欧人异常聪明。他们很快学会讲被征服民族的语言，抛弃了早期维京人...
Chapter 30 The Norsemen 第三十章 北欧人 Why the people of the tenth century prayed the lord to protect them from the fury of the Norsemen 为什么10世纪的人们会祈祷上帝保护他们免遭北欧人怒火的侵害 In the third and four...
The Pope, once more sorely beset by his enemies, sent north for help. 可怜的教皇再度卷人旋涡的中心，被敌人四面包围，被迫向北方发出求救的呼吁， He did not appeal to the ruler of the west-Frankish kingdom, this time....
Twice the Carolingian lands were divided, by the treaties of Verdun in the year 843 and by the treaty of Mersen-on-the-Meuse in the year 870. 卡罗林王朝的国土被两次瓜分，一次是根据公元843年的凡尔登条约，一次是根据公元...
During the last ten years of the eighth century, however, Charles was obliged to devote himself exclusively to affairs of the South. 不过，到了公元8世纪的最后10年，查理曼不得不将其全部精力放到解决欧洲南部的诸多纠纷...
Pepin was sincerely grateful for this kindness on the part of the church. 丕平对教会的善意扶持表示衷心的感激。 He made two expeditions to Italy to defend the Pope against his enemies. 他两次远征意大利，与教皇的敌人作战...
His descendants, the Merovingians, had continued to take little bits of imperial territory 他的子孙建立起墨罗温王朝，并一点一滴地蚕食罗马帝国的领土。 until the year 486 when king Clovis (the old French word forLouis) felt...
Chapter 29 Charlemagne 第二十九章 查理曼大帝 How Charlemagne, the king of the franks, came to bear the title of emperor and tried to revive the old ideal of world-empier 法兰克人的国王查理曼赢得皇冠，试图重温世界帝国的...
