This, in a very general way, is what happened during the centuries which followed the Crusades. 在十字军东征之后的几个世纪时间里，这种情形在欧洲各地普遍发生。 It was a slow process, this gradual shifting of power from t...
Under these circumstances, the noble knight could not well show the rage which filled his heart and his proud soul. 这种情形下，公爵大人不得不极力克制义愤填膺的冲天怒火，免得不小心流露出来。 Instead, he suggested...
Suppose that we let him have a hundred ducats and that he give us in return a written guarantee allowing us to fish all we want in all of his rivers. 如果我们借给他100元，作为回报，他给我们签署一张允许我们随意在他拥有的...
That was dangerous business for the borrower. 这对借钱的人来说是一笔很危险的交易。 In the end, the Lombards invariably owned the estates and the Knight became a bankrupt, 最终，总是伦巴德人占有了庄园，而骑士却破产...
The mediaeval knight was a country squire and was rarely forced to pay for materials in money. 中世纪的骑士同时也是拥有田产的乡绅，少有出现必须付钱购买某种物品的情形。 His estates produced everything that he and hi...
Soon certain energetic merchants discovered that the goods which they had always imported from afar could be made at home. 不久，某些精明能干的商人开始意识到，那些一直从远方采购来的商品其实也可以就近生产的。...
You have seen how a few artisans(butchers and bakers and an occasional candle-stick maker) 后来出现了一些手工匠人，屠夫呀、面包师傅呀、制蜡烛工人呀， came to live near the castle to tend to the wants of their masters and...
No, the progress of the last six hundred years would not have been possible without the existence of cities. 不过，如果不是因为城市的存在，过去六百年来的进步将是完全不可能的。 I shall, therefore, have to make this cha...
But please do not be too sentimental about the good old days. 我想提醒你们，千万不要对所谓古老的好时光抱有过多的感伤之情。 Many people who only see the beautiful churches and the great works of art which the Middle Ages...
But if the progress of the world had been left to the serf and his feudal master, 如果这个世界的进步责任是肩负在农奴和他们的封建领主肩上， we would still be living after the fashion of the twelfth century, saying abracadab...
